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VET 410: Reproduction > Female Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the portals of entry for infection of the female repro system

A
  1. ascending infection
  2. hematogenous
  3. direct injury
  4. trans-neural (herpesvirus)
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2
Q

what are the defense mechanisms of the female reproductive tract

A
  1. physical (anatomic)
  2. innate/adaptive immunity
  3. hormones
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3
Q

physical barriers to infection of the female repro system

A
  • normal conformation
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • ciliary movement and mucus production
  • epithelial tight junctions
  • muscular contraction
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4
Q

effects of progesterone on immunity

A

closes cervix
decreases immune response of the uterus

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5
Q

effects of estrogen on immunity

A

opens cervix
increases immune response of the uterus

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6
Q

is the non pregnant uterus resistant or non resistant to infection

A

highly resistant

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7
Q

what route of entry most commonly affects the ovaries/oviduct

A

hematogenous spread

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8
Q

what route of entry most commonly affects the uterus

A

ascending infection

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9
Q

what is the common response to injury by the ovary

A

lymphocytic inflammation

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10
Q

what is the common response to injury by the oviduct

A

edema + inflammation –> scarring + obstruction –> cystic dilation

leads to hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx

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11
Q

what is the common response to injury by the uterus

A
  • accumulation of fluid/pus
  • endometrial scarring –> infertility
  • hormonal stimulation –> cystic endometrial hyperplasia
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12
Q

what are disorders of sexual development

A

disorders resulting from sex chromosome/gene mutations

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13
Q

XY SRY positive

A

pseudohermaphrodite with mutation of AMH-R

ex. persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

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14
Q

XX SRY negative

A

true hermaphrodite w/ male and female gonads

ex. polled intersex syndrome

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15
Q

freemartins

A

androgenization of a normal female fetus

caused by exposure of a female twin to hormones produced by the male twin due to anastomosis of allantoic blood vessels
- only occurs in twins with 1 M and 1 F

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16
Q

is the male twin affected in freemartinism

A

NO/minimally affected

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17
Q

incomplete development of mullerian ducts

A

aplasia/hypoplasia of uterus, ducts, ovaries, etc

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18
Q

segmental aplasia of paramesonephric ducts

A

part of the PM ducts does not develop - can affect any part of the duct

leads to absent/reduced vagina, cervix, uterine body, and horns

SEVERE - can cause insufficient PGF2a production in ruminants (local luteolysis) resulting in ability to regress the corpus luteum

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19
Q

ovarian agenesis

A

leads to lack of ovarian tissue in one or both ovaries

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20
Q

ovarian duplication

A

separate origination or splitting of a developing ovary leading to ovarian remnant syndrome

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21
Q

ovarian hypoplasia

A

small ovaries with a lack of follicles; unable to ovulate

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22
Q

vaginal cysts

A

cysts that develop in the wall of the vagina; arise from remnants of the mesonephric ducts

caused by inflammation or hyperestrogenism

23
Q

ovarian/paraovarian cysts

A

cysts derived from Graafian follicles or epithelium

24
Q

epithelial inclusion cysts

A

cysts located around the ovulation fossa and prevent ovulation

leads to cystic dilation

occurs in HORSES

25
Q

subsurface epithelial structures (SES)

A

no clinical significance UNLESS leading to polycystic ovarian disease –> hyperestrogenism –> myelotoxicity

occurs in CARNIVORES

26
Q

cystic ovarian follicles

A

larger than normal follicles caused by stress –> ACTH –> excess cortisol –> inhibits GnRH –> dec. LH or LH-receptors –> no LH surge –> no ovulation –> no pregnancy –> no luteinization –> no new cycle –> follicle continues growing

only significant if the follicle does NOT ovulate (no ovulation scar/papilla) leading to prolonged open days

treat with PGF2a or chorionic gonadotropin + GnRH to induce luteolysis

27
Q

cystic ovarian degeneration

A

cystic ovarian follicles in ruminants that are >2.5 cm and persist for 10+ days without the formation of a corpus luteum

28
Q

luteinized cysts

A

anovulatory luteinized follicular cysts that develop from follicular cysts due to delayed/insufficient release of LH
- component of COD in ruminants
- clinically significant if not ovulating

29
Q

cystic corpus luteum

A

corpus luteum with cystic center

unknown cause - usually incidental

30
Q

ovarian hematoma

A

extremely large corpus hemorrhagicum

occurs in HORSES (do not get follicular cysts normally)

can rupture and lead to abdominal hemorrhage

31
Q

hydrosalpinx

A

cystic dilation/fluid accumulation in the oviduct

only clinically significant if bilateral (can get normal oocyte transit in unaffected horn)

32
Q

endometrial atrophy

A

loss of ovarian function leading to atrophy of the endometrial endothelium

  • normal in anestrus
  • abnormal with malnutrition, cachexia, and disorders of sexual development

leads to inability to sustain pregnancy from loss of surface area for nutrient/gas exchange

33
Q

how is endometrial atrophy diagnosed

A

endometrial biopsy

graded 1, 2, 3 based on degree of severity (high, reduced, low chance of successful delivery of a live foal)

34
Q

endometrial hyperplasia

A

local or generalized regions of epithelial hyperplasia

caused by hormonal overstimulation or chronic mechanical irritation (GCTs, estrogenic plants)

leads to reduced fertility, predisposes to infection, hypotonicity (dystocia/prolapse), estrogen priming of dogs followed by progesterone

occurs in SHEEP, COWS, CATS, DOGS

35
Q

mucometra/hydrometra

A

mucus/fluid accumulation in the uterus

caused by a congenital or acquired obstruction of the uterine outflow tract when cervix is open
- seen with hyperestrogenism and CEH

predisposes to infection

36
Q

endometrial polyps/papillomas

A

localized, pedunculated, hyper plastic nodules of endometrial stroma

occurs in OLD DOGS, CATS, COWS (fibropapilloma)

usually concurrent with CEH

37
Q

oophoritis

A

inflammation of the ovary

caused by hematogenous spread of bacteria/viruses

occurs in BIRDS, REPTILES, uncommon in mammals

38
Q

uterine inflammation

A

ascending bacterial infection of the uterus while the cervix is open

occurs in:
- ruminants: postpartum
- carnivores: diestrus (progesterone)
- equine: post-mating

39
Q

what does an open and closed cervix predispose to

A

open: infection
closed: pyometra

40
Q

endometritis

A

inflammation of the endometrium

leads to:
1. PGF2a release + progesterone priming –> premature lysis of CL –> shortening of estrus cycle
2. erosion/scarring of endometrium –> decrease PGF2a release –> persistent CL

41
Q

metritis

A

inflammation of all uterine layers

42
Q

pyometra

A

infection of the uterus with dilation and accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen

caused by endometritis/metritis

occurs in RUMINANTS, DOGS, CATS
- cows: prevents PGF2a release –> retained CL –> mimics pregnancy
- dogs/cats: caused by CEH –> pyometra syndrome (CL always present)

43
Q

what is diagnostic of pyometra in dogs/cats

A

presence of a CL

44
Q

genital herpesvirus infection

A

venereally spread virus

the ONLY external genitalia pathology that causes a gross lesion

occurs in most species

lesion: death of mucosal epithelial cells leading to vesicles –> rupture –> erosions

45
Q

ovarian neoplasia categories

A

sex cord stromal tumors
germ cell tumors
epithelial tumors

46
Q

granulosa theca cell tumors

A

benign tumors of the sex cords/follicles

unilateral
benign
hormonally functional
diagnostics: AMH levels

occurs in HORSES, DOGS

47
Q

what hormonal changes occur with GCTS

A

produce inhibin, testosterone, estrogen, and AMH

inhibin –> inhibits FSH –> contralateral testicular atrophy

testosterone –> male behaviors

estrogen –> constant estrus

48
Q

epithelial tumors

A

cyst adenomas, ovarian carcinomas, ovarian adenocarcinomas

carcinomas: can lead to carcinomatosis (direct lateral extension)

occurs in DOGS

49
Q

dysgerminomas

A

germ cell neoplasia of the ovaries

occurs in all species but RARE

50
Q

uterine neoplasia categories

A

smooth muscle tumors, endometrial tumors, venereal tumors

51
Q

leiomyomas

A

smooth muscle tumor; can occur in cervix, vagina, and uterus

well demarcated, unencapsulated, spheric, variable sized

benign or malignant

occurs in all species

52
Q

endometrial carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the endometrium

unknown cause

occurs in COWS, RABBITS

53
Q

canine transmissible venereal tumors (TVT)

A

contagious neoplasm of DOGS

originates from histiocytes (monocytes/macrophages)

transmissible by any contact - engrafts due to down regulation of MHC expression

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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