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VET 410: Reproduction > Clinical Approach to Abortive Disease > Flashcards

Clinical Approach to Abortive Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three stages of abortive disease

A
  1. early embryonic death
  2. abortion
  3. stillbirth
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2
Q

what are the ranges of early embryonic death in cows, horses, dogs

A

cows: <42 days
horses: <40 days
dogs: <20 days

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3
Q

what are the ranges of abortion in cows, horses, and dogs

A

cows: 42-260 days
horses: 40-320 days
dogs: 20-57 days

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4
Q

what are the ranges of stillbirth in cows, horses, and dogs

A

cows: >260 days
horses: >320 days
dogs: >57-72 days

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5
Q

what are the three mechanisms of pregnancy loss

A
  1. loss of luteal function
  2. loss of placental support
  3. fetal disease
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6
Q

what are two causes of loss of luteal function

A
  1. failure of recognition of pregnancy
  2. premature increased prostaglandins
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7
Q

what is failure of MRP and what species does it occur in

A

inability to establish recognition of pregnancy which leads to early luteolysis

occurs in horses and ruminants
- horses: embryo no longer able to migrate
- ruminants: failure to elongate and secrete interferon tau

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8
Q

what causes a premature increase in prostaglandins

A

systemic illness or iatrogenic administration

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9
Q

at what stage in gestation can a premature increase in prostaglandins affect pigs/goats/dogs/camelids

A

entire pregnancy

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10
Q

at what stage in gestation can a premature increase in prostaglandins affect sheep, horses, and cats

A

prior to the establishment of placental progesterone

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11
Q

at what stage in gestation can a premature increase in prostaglandins affect cows

A

early and late pregnancy (when CL is still required)

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12
Q

what are two causes of loss of placental support

A

placental insufficiency or placentitis

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13
Q

placental insufficiency

A

inability of the placenta to support the fetus
- uterine disease (CEH, endometrial fibrosis, amyloid infiltrate of caruncle)
- twins in horses
- umbilical torsion

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14
Q

causes of placentitis

A
  • hematogenous (most common in most species)
  • ascending infection (most common in horses)
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15
Q

what are examples of fetal disease that cause pregnancy loss

A
  • fetal distress –> premature cortisol release
  • fetal infection
  • congenital defects
  • chromosomal abnormalities
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16
Q

abortion rate

A

of observed OR presumed aborted / # of diagnosed pregnant

range animals - can use # of females exposed to male as an estimate of number pregnant

litter bearing - can used # fetuses affected / total # fetuses

17
Q

endemic abortion rate

A

expected frequency of abortion for a given species

18
Q

epidemic abortion rate

A

higher than expected frequency of abortion for that given species

19
Q

sporadic abortion

A

irregular, infrequent (individual) abortions

20
Q

what are other factors to consider in a sporadic case of abortion

A
  • zoonotic risk
  • risk to other pregnant species
  • risk to pregnant herdmates
  • intermediate/host vectors
21
Q

what are common presenting complaints with abortive disease

A
  • prolonged interestrus intervals
  • abortions
  • stillbirths/neonatal mortality
  • low birth rates
  • interrupted/unexpected birthing distribution
22
Q

observed vs actual abortive rate

A

true # of abortions is usually = 2.2-5x the observed # of abortions

23
Q

what are non-infectious causes of fetal attrition

A
  1. iatrogenic (PGF2a, estrogens)
  2. stress/trauma
  3. systemic illness of the dam
  4. nutrient deficiencies
  5. estrogenic mycotoxins
  6. toxic plants
  7. developmental errors
24
Q

what are infectious causes of fetal attrition

A

gets into the placenta or fetus
1. viral
2. bacterial
3. protozoal
4. fungal

25
Q

what is the most common viral class leading to abortion

A

herpesvirus

26
Q

what are some factors affecting the degree of infection

A
  • agent: opportunist vs pathogenic, route of infection, tissue tropism
  • stage of gestation
  • immune status of dam
27
Q

what are possible outcomes of infection with abortive pathogens

A
  • early embryonic death
  • abortion
  • fetal mummification
  • maceration
  • teratogenesis
  • stillborns
  • weak/clinically affected
  • clinically normal
28
Q

mechanism of monitoring fetal health

A

transrectal or transabdominal ultrasound
- evaluate fetal heartbeat, movement, size, anatomy

done in horses most often

29
Q

mechanism of monitoring placental health

A
  • transrecetal ultrasound - uterine and placental thickness
  • transabdominal ultrasound - nocardiform placenta (mucoid)

done in horses most often

30
Q

steps of abortion investigation

A
  1. history
  2. patterns
  3. reduce risk
  4. management
  5. long term control
31
Q

what patterns do you look at in abortive cases

A
  • abortion rate (# aborting / # pregnant)
  • temporal patterns
  • demographic patterns
32
Q

what diagnostic samples should be sent in for abortive cases

A
  • placenta
  • fetus(es)
  • dam serum

VET 410: Reproduction (24 decks)

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