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PCOG LEC > PHYTOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

PHYTOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

study of composition of plant principle, their extraction, biosynthesis and identification

A

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

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2
Q

HISTORY

  • slow progress
  • era of pure compounds
  • know how to prepare crude drugs (thru incineration)
  • has difficulty in differentiating poisonous vs. non-poisonous plants
A

19th century

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3
Q

responsible for contact dermatitis due to poison oak, ivy

A

urushiol

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4
Q

sugar was isolated from sugar cane by using

A

alcohol

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5
Q

who isolated sugar from sugar cane

A

Nicholas Lemery

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6
Q
  • disposed aristotle’s theory of 4 elements
  • didnt isolate or purify an alkaloid
  • used potassium carbonate and alcohol to purify but wasnt able to finish
A

Robert Boyle

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7
Q

isolated sugar from sugar beet

A

A.S. Marggraf

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8
Q
  • Father of Modern Phytochemistry
  • isolated many organic or plant acids such as citric acid from citrus, malic acid, gallic acid, oxlic acid, tartaric acid, prussic acid
A

K.W. Scheele

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9
Q

malic acid is from

A

apple

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10
Q

oxalic acid is from

A

kamias

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11
Q

tartaric acid is from

A

grapes

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12
Q
  • first alkaloid
  • all has nitrogen in their structure
A

Narcotine

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13
Q

elucidated the chemical nature of fats (margaric acid) and fixed oils

A

Mitchel Eugene Chevreul

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14
Q

era of structure determination

A

middle 20th century

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15
Q

EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

dried plants

A

powdered before extraction

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16
Q

EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

Fresh plants

A

homogenized / macerated w/ alohol

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17
Q

general solvent

A

alcohol (80%)

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18
Q

solvent for essential & fixed oils

A

light petroleum

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19
Q

solvent for alkaloids, quinones

A

ether & chloroform

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20
Q

solvent for basification (water-immsicible)

A

alkaloids

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21
Q

solvent for aromatic acids & phenols

A

acidification

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22
Q

EXTRACTION

repeated maceration with agitation, percolation or continuous using a hot solvent

A

EXTRACTION

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23
Q

EXTRACTION

utilize unscented fat in the preparation of pomade

A

enfleurage

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24
Q

EXTRACTION

sound waves - can damage hearing

A

sonification

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25
Q

EXTRACTION

part of rotavapor where the material is placed

A

thimble

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26
Q

EXTRACTION

  • also known as ball mill
  • uses tumbling motility
A

spouted bed extraction

27
Q

temperature where the solid & liquid mixes

A

supercritical fluid

28
Q

EXTRACTION

  • extraction of herbal medicines, flavorant, cosmetics
A

Supercritical fluid extraction

29
Q

EXTRACTION

reported that supercriticial fluid extraction can be used in research and medicine

A

Cagniard de la Tour

30
Q

EXTRACTION

suitable for volatile oil containing drugs

A

solid phase microextraction

31
Q

EXTRACTION

oppostie of absorption; release

A

desorption

32
Q

the most difficult operation in phytochemistry

A

Separation & isolation

bcs time consuming

33
Q

method of choice in isolation and purification of caffeine

solid to gas

A

SUBLIMATION

34
Q

used in isolation of volatile oils

A

distillation

35
Q

DISTILLATION

  • for volatile oils
  • using mixtures with varying boiling points
A

fractional distillation

36
Q

DISTILLATION

useful in isolating volatile oils and HCN

A

steam distillation

37
Q

employed in isolation and purification of alkaloids (weakest to strongest base)

A

fractional liberation

38
Q
  • a method used in **traditional isolations **and still valuable for the resolution of often otherwise intractable mixtures
  • frequently derivatives of the particular components are employed (picrates of alkaloids, osazones of sugars)
A

fractional crystallization

39
Q

substance to be separated during chromatography

40
Q

visual output

A

chromatogram

41
Q

mobile phase leaving the column (solvent); solution obtained

42
Q

solvent that carry the analyte

43
Q

process of desorption

44
Q

moves in definite direction

A

mobile phase

45
Q

fixed place for the chromatographic procedure

A

stationary phase

46
Q

reagent used for visualization

47
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY

  • one of the oldest and most useful
  • utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsobed onto the surface of a stationary phase
  • ex: light petroleum extract of green leaves
A

Adsorption chormatography

48
Q
  • Martin & Synge (1941): acetylated amino acids
  • Evans & Partridge (1948): alkaloids
  • replaced by HPLC
  • inexpensive, easy to set-up & operate
A

Partition chromatography / Paper chromatography

49
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY

method of choice for fractionation

A

partition chromatography on paper

50
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY

  • highly improved form of column chromatography
  • expensive
  • use narrow columns
  • temperature of 200C and use of high pressure
  • employ small pre-column containing a cartridge
A

HPLC / High-speed LC

51
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY

  • both qualitative and quantitative analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermolabile molecules
  • it can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds
A

Supercriticial fluid chromatog

52
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHY

  • uses Craig apparatus
  • consists of a series of glass tubes that are designed and arranged such that the lighter liquid phase is transferred from one tube to the next
  • liquid-liquid extractions are taking place simultaneously in all tubes which are driven electromechanically
A

COUNTER-CURRENT EXTRACTION

53
Q

apparatus used in counter-current extraction

A

Craig apparatus

54
Q

perfromed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminum foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminum oxide, or cellulose (blotter paper)

A

thin layer chromatog

55
Q
  • common type of chromatog used in analytic chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition
  • stationary phase: liquid
A

gas-liquid chromatography

56
Q
  • capillary bore columns are used rather than the standard columns
  • speed of analysis is much greater compared to GC
A

cAPILLARY-COLUMN GAS CHROMATOG

57
Q
  • lacks an attractive interaction between the staionary phase and solute
  • the liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the molecules according to its molecular size
A

gel filtration chromatog
gel permeation chromatog

58
Q
  • is a chemical separation technique used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins
  • it is a combination of size exclusion chromatog andd gel electrophoresis
  • molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism
A

electrochromatography

59
Q

the most selective type of chromatography

A

affinity chromatography

60
Q

the penultimate stage in biogenetic study is the ____ involved in the pathways under consideration and the in vitro demonstration of their properties

A

isolation of enzymes

61
Q
  • a process of fusing plant material from two different plants
  • important in determining the site of primary and secondary metabolite production
62
Q

MUTANT STRAINS

utilizes “brewer’s soluble” → mevalonic acid

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

63
Q

MUTANT STRAINS

induced mutant of ergot auxotrophic

PCOG LEC (24 decks)

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