CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
1
Q
- are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols consisting of cabron, hydrogen, and oxygen
- has equal number of carbon atoms and H2O
A
CARBOHYDRATES
2
Q
carbohydrates act as important precursor in the ____ that may help plants defend themselves against potential predators
A
biosynthesis of metabolites
3
Q
PLANT metabolites contains ____ as an essential feature of their structure
A
SUGAR
4
Q
structural feature in MICROORGANISMS
A
peptidoglycan
5
Q
play an ecological role in plant-animalinteraction, protection from wound and infection and detoxification of foreign substances
A
CARBS
6
Q
used as food and pharmaceutical
A
sugar & starch
7
Q
carbohydrates are considered what type of metabolites
A
PRIMARY METABOLITES
bc they are found among living organisms
8
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
cannot be hydrolyzed into simple sugar
A
MONOsacch
9
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
hydrolyzed into 2 monosachh
A
DIsacch
10
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
yields 3 monosacch
A
TRIsacch
11
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
yields 4 monosacch
A
TETRAsacch
12
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
contains more than 10 monosacch units
A
POLYsacch
13
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
3C
A
TRIose
14
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
4C
A
TETRose
15
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
5C
A
PENTose
16
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
6C
A
HEXose
17
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
- most important monosaccharide found in plants
- acts as building blocks for many important polysaccharides such as starches, glycogen, and cellulose
A
HEXOSE
18
Q
MONOSACCHARIDES
- wood sugar
- main building block of hemicellulose
- source: Corn cobs (Zea mays)
- use: diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal absorption (malabsorption problem)
A
XYLOSE
19
Q
two types of glycosidic bond
A
alpha & beta
20
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS
- commonly found in nature as lactose, sucrose, maltose (LSM)
- formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides
A
DISACCHARIDES
21
Q
DISACCHARIDES
are formed by what reaction
A
condensation
22
Q
the type of bond that is formed between the two sugars is called
A
glycosidic bond
23
Q
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
sucrose
A
a1-b2
24
Q
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
maltose
A
a-1,4
25
# **GLYCOSIDIC BOND**
lactose
b-1,4
26
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* is composed of **2 units of glucose** (glucose + glucose)
* joined by an **a-1,4** glycosidic bond
* use in **alcohol production**
* **uncommon** in nature; can be formed through the **breakdown of starch** by the enzymes of the mouth
* source: **sweet potato** (*Ipomea batatas*)
MALTOSE - malt sugar
27
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* an **excellent preservative** because it has **no reducing end** or **reactive group** like the other sugars
* **hydrolysis** yields **mixtures** of **glucose** and **fructose** called **"invert sugars"**
SURCOSE - table sugar
28
# **DISACCHARIDES**
sucrose is also known as
table sugar
29
# **DISACCHARIDES**
**hydrolysis** of sucrose yields mixtures of **glucoe** and **fructose** called ____ which is **sweeter** than sucrose
INVERT SUGARS
30
# **DISACCHARIDES**
sources of **sucrose**
Sugar **beet** - *Beta vulgaris*
Sugar **maple** - *Acer saccharum*
Sugar **cane** - *Saccharum offinicarum*
31
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* joined by **β-1,4** glycosidic bond
* **glucopyranoside**
LACTOSE - milk sugar
32
# **DISACCHARIDES**
**lactose** is also known as
milk sugar
33
# **DISACCHARIDES**
structure of **lactose**
glucopyranoside
34
# **DISACCHARIDES**
some people **cannot digest lactose** due to the **absence** of what enzyme
lactase
35
# **DISACCHARIDES**
**source** of lactose
Cow - *Bos Taurus*
36
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
milk left **after separation** of the cream
SKIMMED MILK
37
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
**united fat globules** when churned
BUTTER
38
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
skimmed milk with **renin**
CHEESE
39
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
liquid **separated** from **coagulin**, contains **lactose** & **inorganic salts**
WHEY
40
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
WHEY contains
lactose & inorganic salts
41
# **DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE**
**partial evaporation** of milk in a **vacuum**
CONDENSED MILK
42
# **OLIGOSACCHARIDES**
* important oligosaccharides that are **found** in **beans** and **legumes**
* because of their unique glycosidic bonds, they **cannot** be **broken down** into their sip=mple sugars
* **cannot** be **absorbed** by the **small intestine** and are often **metabolized** by the **bacteria** in the **large intestine** to form **unwanted gaseous byproducts**
RAFFINOSE & STACHYOSE
43
# **OLIGOSACCHARIDES**
RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE are found in
beans & legumes
44
# **OLIGOSACCHARIDES**
RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE are often **metabolized** by
bacteria in the small intestine
45
# **OLIGOSACCHARIDES**
**metabolism** of RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE form ____
unwanted gaseous byproducts
46
TRISACCHARIDES
Raffinose
Gentianose
47
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
RAFFINOSE with **acid**
sucrose + galactose
48
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
RAFFINOSE with **yeast**
melobiose + fructose
49
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
GENTIANOSE with **acid**
2 glucose + fructose
50
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
GENTIANOSE with **emulsin**
sucrose + glucose
51
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
GENTIANOSE with **invertase**
fructose + gentiabiose
52
# **TRISACCHARIDES**
GENTIANOSE are found in what plant
*Gentiana lutea*
53
TETRASACCHARIDES
stachyose
54
# **TETRASACCHARIDES**
STACHYOSE with **acid**
2 galactose + glucose + fructose
55
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
monosaccharide polymer
GLYCAN
56
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**one type** of monosacchaaride units
| glucan, fructosan
HOMOGLYCAN
57
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**more than one type** of monosaccharide units
| xylomannan
HETEROGLYCAN
58
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
* linear, **non**branching
* about 20%, **more soluble** in water
* with **Iodine** - **blue black**
* **200-300** units of glucopyranose
AMYLOSE (β-amylose)
59
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
how many % of the composition of starch is composed of **AMYLOSE**
20%
60
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
**amylose** with Iodine TS
blue black
61
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
how many units of glucopyranose are there in **amylose**
200-300 units
62
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
* **branching**
* about 80%; **soluble** in water
* branched at **a-1,4** glycosidic bonds (**20-26 units**)
* with **Iodine** TS - **violet**
* **1000** units glucopyranose
AMYLOPECTIN (a-amylose)
63
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
how many % of the composition of starch is composed of **AMYLOPECTIN**
80%
64
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
**branching** of AMYLOPECTIN
a-1,4
65
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
**units** of AMYLOPECTIN in **branching**
20-26 units
66
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
**AMYLOPECTIN** with Iodine TS
violet
67
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
how many **units** of glucopyranose are there in **AMYLOPECTIN**
1000
68
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH**
SOURCES of starch
Corn - *Zea mays*
Wheat - *Triticum estivum*
Potato - *Solanum tuberosum*
Tapioca - *Manihot utilissima*
69
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* **semisynthetic**
* **90%** amylopectin
* **plasma expander**
* adjunct therapy in treatment of **shock** caused by hemorraghe, burn, surgery, sepsis
HETASTARCH
70
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
% amylopectin composition of **HETASTARCH**
90% amylopectin
71
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* **only fructosan** found in **Asteraceae**
* **D-fructofruanose** abundant in Asteraceae
* used in **culture media** as a **fermentative** identifying agent for certain bacetria and in special laboratory emthods fro the **evaluation** of **renal function** (glomerular filtration)
INULIN
72
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* source - *Leuconostoc mesenteroides*
* used in **6%** solution as **plasma expander** in cases of trauma, burns to reduce blood viscosity
DEXTRAN
73
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
source of DEXTRAN
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
74
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
Dextran is used in how many % solution as **plasma expander**
6%
75
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* **most abundant** organic compound on earth
* principal sturctural element of **higher plant cell wall**
* **linear**, **β-1,4** glycosidic bond
CELLULOSE
76
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* Gossypium hirsutum, G. herbaceum
* **surgical dressing**, absorb blood, pus, mucus & **keep bacteria from infecting wound**
* **raw**: for **textile** production
PURIFIED COTTON / ABSORBENT COTTON
77
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
source of PURIFIED COTTON / ABSORBENT COTTON
Gossypium hirsutum, G. herbaceum
78
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* the **purity of ____** is defined by measuring its **solubility** in **NaOH** solution
* used as **pharmaceutical excipient**
POWDERED CELLULOSE
79
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
**purity** is defined by **measuring its solubility** in ____ solution
NaOH
80
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
cellulose that remain **insoluble**
a-cellulose
81
STEPS IN **PURIFYING COTTON**
1. removal of impurities
2. bleaching
3. washing
4. drying
5. packaging
6. sterilization
82
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
**artifical tears** or **contact lens solution**
METHYLCELLULOSE
83
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
**tablet binder** and **film coating**
EHTYLCELLULOSE
84
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
**thickening agent** and **ingredient** in the formulation of **artificial tears**
HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE
85
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
**stabilizer**, **thickener**, **binder**
HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE
86
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
* product obtain by the action of the mixture of **Nitric acid** and **sulfuric acid** in cotton
* **topical protectant**
PYROXYLIN / SOLUBLE GUNCOTTON
87
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
PYROXYLIN is also known as
soluble guncotton
88
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE**
a **fribrous**, **bleached**, **regenerated cellulose** and it is used as **surgical aid**
PURIFIED RAYON
89
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
* **animal** starch
* important **reserved carbohydrates** of animal tissue
GLYCOGEN
90
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
**difficult** to **isolate** in a pure form
xylans
mannans
galactan
91
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
occurs in the cell wall with **cellulose** and **pectic substances**
HEMICELLULOSE
92
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN**
**resembles cellulose** but molecule contains **25%** **β-1,3** glycosidic bonds
LICHENIN / LICHEN STARCH
93
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* **readily dissolves** in water
* **plant hydrocolloids** classified as **anionic** or **non-ionic** polysaccharide
* consist of **linear** polymer or **branched** polymer
GUM
94
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* **less soluble**
* yields solution with **greater viscosity**
* **less stable** (tend to precipitate)
* could significantly influence the **shelf life** of product formulation
LINEAR POLYMER
95
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* forms **gels** rather than viscous solution at higher concentration
* **tacky** when **moist**
* **rehydrate more readily**
BRANCHED HYDROCOLLOIDS
96
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* **seal** damaged bark
* **preserve** from **dehydration**
* acacia, karaya, tragacanth
EXUDATE from trees and shrub
97
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* serve as **polysaccharide food reservoir**
* guar, locust bean, psyllium
SEED GUM
98
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* **fermentation**
* dextran, xanthan
MICROBIAL GUM
99
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
* **reserve food**
* agar, algin, carrageenan
MARINE GUM
100
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN**
**plant extract**
PECTINS
101
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN | GUM**
* *Astragalus gummifer*
* contains **60%-70% bassorin** that **swell** in water but **do not dissolve**
* contains **30% tragacanthin**, **more water soluble**
* used as **emulsifying**, **suspending** agent, **demulcent** and an **emollient**
TRAGACANTH (Persian Gum)
102
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN | GUM**
TRAGACANTH composition
60-70% bassorin
30% tragacanthin
103
**general test** for carbohydrates
MOLISCH'S TEST
104
**Molisch's** test is also known as
a-naphthol test
105
positive result for Molisch's test
purple ring at the junction
106
* source: **Middle lamella** of seed bearing plants'
* **protectant**, **suspending agent**
* obtained by **dilute acid extraction** of the **inner portion** of the **rind** of **citrus** fruit
PECTIN
107
# **PECTIN**
source
middle lamella of seed bearing plant
108
# **PECTIN**
**insoluble form** is called
protopectin
109
# **PECTIN**
solution of pectin can be **precipitated** by ____
alcohol (salting out)
110
# **PECTIN**
**anti-diarrheal** formulation
Kaopectate
| pectin + alcohol
111
# **PECTIN**
**UN**ripe
**proto**pectin
111
# **PECTIN**
**JUST** ripe
pec**tic** acid
112
# **PECTIN**
**OVER**ripe
pec**tinic** acid
113
**parts used** in SLIPPERY ELM
bark
114
**parts used** in QUINCE
SEEDS
115
**parts used** in ALOE VERA
latex
116
**parts used** in COUCH GRASS
rhizome
117
**parts used** in MULLEIN
flower
118
**parts used** in MARSHMALLOW
Leaf / roots
119
principal constituent of **brown algae**
algin
(alginic acid)
