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PCOG LEC > HYDROCARBONS > Flashcards

HYDROCARBONS Flashcards

1
Q

carbon compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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2
Q

organic acids

A

RCOOH

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3
Q
  • high frequency on living organisms
  • participate in essential metabolism
  • function in association with coenzymes
  • accumulate as simple salts, ester, and amides
A

ORGANIC ACIDS

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4
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

  • intermediates in the early stages of the biosynthesis of fats, isoprenoid compounds and various amino acids
  • present in esterified form (plant kingdom)
A

C1-C6 Monocarboxylic acid

(hydroxy or keto derivatives)
(-OH, ROR)

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5
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

C1-C6 Monocarboxylic acids are present in what form

A

esterified form

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6
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

  • important component of plant
  • common in lipids and related substances
  • obtained by hydrolysis of fats
  • usually contains even number of carbon atoms
  • occur mainly as esters of natural fats and oils but do occur in the unesterified form as free fatty acids
A

Fatty acids

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7
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

two common aromatic acids

A

benzoic
cinnamic

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8
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • HCOOH
  • Formica rufa (red ant)
  • Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)
  • combined in the gitaloxigenin (cardioactive glycosides) and N-formyl-L-methionine
A

FORMIC ACID

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9
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • an intermediate metabolite in the form of acetyl CoA
  • common in esterified form
A

ACETIC ACID

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10
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Formic acid is combined in ____ and ____

A

gitaloxigenin & N-formyl-L-methionine

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11
Q

cardioactive glycosides

A

gitaloxigenin

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12
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Acetic acid is common in what form

A

esterified form

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13
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • produced in the fatty acid
  • oxidative cycle when an acyl-CoA with an odd number of carbon atoms is involved
A

PROPIONIC ACID

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14
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Propionic acid is porduced in the

A

fatty acid

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15
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

PROPIONIC ACID:
when does oxidative cycle occurs

A

when an acyl-CoA w/ odd number C atoms is involved

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16
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • Ceratonia siliqua (Carob beans), Croton oil (ethyl ester)
  • resin component of Convolvulaceae and minor tropane alkaloids
A

ISO-BUTYRIC ACID

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17
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

substitute for chocolates

A

Carob beans
Ceratonia siliqua

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18
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Iso-butyric acid is the resin component of ____ & ____

A

Convolvulaceae
minor tropane alkaloids

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19
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • combine/free on Valeriana spp., combine (valeroidine) tropane alkaloids, pyranocoumarin, dihyrosamidin
  • may induce drowsiness, preterm labor or abortion
A

VALERIC & ISO-VALERIC ACID

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20
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

VALERIC & ISO-VALERIC ACID:
which is not common?

A

Valeric

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21
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Valeric & Iso-valeric acid are found in what plant

A

Valeriana spp

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22
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Valeriana spp is available as

A

tea

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23
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Valeriana spp. use/s

A

anxiolytic

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24
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Contraindication for Valeric & Iso-valeric acid

A

abortion

not used in pregnant women

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25
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • present in tropane and Veratrum alkaloids, convolvulaceous glycosides and visnadin (pyranocoumarin)
A

2-METHYLBUTYRIC ACID

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26
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • croton oil (Croton tiglium)
  • unsaturated
A

CROTONOIC ACID (trans-butenoic acid)

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27
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Crotonoic acid is also known as

A

trans-butenoic acid

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28
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • glycoside (croton oil), minor acid in tigloidine
  • present in Convolvulaceous resins and Symphytum alkaloids
A

TIGLIC ACID

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29
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

Tiglic acid is minor acid in

A

tigloidine

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30
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • present in the rhizome of Angelica, schizanthine, chamomile oil
  • component of cevadine and Symphytum alkaloid
A

ANGELIC ACID

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31
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

occurs in traces in many fats

A

n-butyric acid & caproic acid

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32
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | C1-C6 MONOCARBOXYLIC ACID

  • present in Senecio, alkaloids of Dioscorea & Schizanthus
  • present in samidin (pyranocoumarin)
A

SENECIOIC ACID

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33
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

fats are obtained from

A

hydrolysis of fats

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34
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

a fatty acid that does not contain an even number of atoms

A

margaric acid

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35
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

  • no double bonds
  • stearic, palmitic
A

saturated

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36
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

  • containing one or more double bonds
A

UNSATURATED

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37
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

NOMENCLATURE:
saturated

A

-anoic

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38
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

NOMECLATURE;
unsaturated

A

-enoic

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39
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

terminal methyl C is known as ____ which indicate the number and position of the double bond

A

omega

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40
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

what makes them reactive

A

removal of H

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40
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | FATTY ACIDS

  • source: Soft coral (Plexaura homomalla)
  • involved in platelet aggregation and inflammatory process
  • promote smooth muscle contraction
  • act as bronchospasmodic and in the development of local anesthetics
A

PGA2

Prostaglandin A2

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41
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

occurs in coca leaves

A

Cinnamic acid

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42
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

o-hydroxybenzoic acid

A

salicylic acid

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43
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

A

Protocatechuic acid

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44
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid

A

Veratric acid

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45
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

A

Gallic acid

46
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

p-hydroxycinnamic acid

A

P-coumaric acid

47
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

hydroxymethoxycinnamic acid

A

Ferulic acid

48
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

hydroxycinnamic acid

A

Caffeic acid

49
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

tetrahydrozyhexabonzoic acid

A

quinic acid

50
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

acid with an alcohol group present in Cinchona and in some gymnosperm

A

Quinic acid

51
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

from genus Prunus (almonds)

A

Mandelic acids

52
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

  • served as important metabolite sources for star anise (chinese), needles of Pinaceae and gum tree Liquidambar styraciflua
A

Shikimic acid

53
Q

toxic star anise

54
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

Caffeotannic acid (condensation product of caffeic + quinic acid)

A

chlorogenic acid

55
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | AROMATIC ACIDS

what reaction occurs between caffeic & quinic acid to produce caffeotannic acid

A

condensation

56
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

  • preservative of choice for fresh fruit juices
  • constituent of Whitfield’s ointment which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete’s foot
A

Benzoic acid & its salt

57
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT

  • sodium salt of benzoic acid
  • used preferably as one of the principal antimicrobial preservatives in food and beverages
  • also used in medications, anti-fermentation additives and tableting lubricant for phramaceuticals
A

SODIUM BENZOATE

58
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT

  • keratolytic
  • fungicidal
  • treatment of hyperkeratotic, dandruff, ichthyosis, and psoriasis
  • antiseptic in toothpaste
A

SALICYLIC ACID

59
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT

SALICYLIC ACID:
tx of hyperpigmentation and warts

A

keratolytic

60
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | BENZOIC ACID & ITS SALT

SALICYLIC ACID:
tx of fungal skin infections such as tinea

A

fungicidal

61
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

COOH₂
* bleaching agent

A

Oxalic acid

62
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

source of oxalic acid

A

kamias, star fruit

63
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

CH₂(COOH)₂

A

MALONIC ACID

64
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

(CH₂)₂(COOH)₂

A

SUCCINIC ACID

65
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

[COOH-CH=CH-COOH]

A

FUMARIC ACID

66
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

(COOH-CH₂-CHOH-COOH)
* skin of apple (Malus domestica)

A

MALIC ACID

67
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS | DIBASIC ACID

COOH-(CHOH)2-COOH
* tamarind especially unripe
* brown when ripe due to inverted sugar and laxative potential

A

TARTARIC ACID

68
Q

MONOBASIC ACIDS

  • Citric acid (acidolant)
  • Isocitric acid
  • Aconitic acid (Aconitum spp.)
A

TRIBASIC ACIDS

69
Q
  • -ol; possess one or more hydroxyl groups (free or ester)
  • can be classified as: primary, secondary, tertiray
70
Q

ALCOHOLS

  • aliphatic
  • esters like methyl salicylate (source: Betula lenta)
  • esters of long-chain alcohols: cetyl, ceryl, myricyl, myricyl ceroate
A

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

71
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

source of methyl salicylate

A

Betula lenta

72
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

  • fruity odor
  • Oil of Wintergreen / Betula
A

methyl salicylate

73
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

C₁₆H₃₃OH

A

cetyl alcohol

74
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

C₂₆H₅₃OH

A

CERYL ALCOHOL

75
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

C₃₀H₆₁OH

A

MYRICYL ALCOHOL

76
Q

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

  • Carnauba wax
  • tablet polishing agent
A

myricyl cerotate

77
Q

AROMATIC ALCOHOLS

C₆H₅CH₂OH

A

BENZYL ALCOHOL

78
Q

AROMATIC ALCOHOLS

C₆H₅CH=CHCH₂OH

A

CINNAMYL ALCOHOL

79
Q

AROMATIC ALCOHOLS

  • component of the important strengthening compound in the material of plant cell wall (lignin)
  • from heartwood
A

CONIFERYL ALCOHOL

80
Q

strengthening compound in the plant cell wall

81
Q

AROMATIC ALCOHOLS

Coniferyl alcohol is from

82
Q

ALCOHOL

  • Benzyl alcohol
  • Cinnamyl alcohol
  • Coniferyl alcohol
83
Q

ALCOHOLS

  • from MVA pathway
  • noncyclic
  • monocyclic
  • dicyclic
A

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

84
Q

ALCOHOLS

Terpene alcohols are from what pathway

A

MVA - mevalonic acid

85
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

  • geraniol (otto of rose)
  • nerol (orange and bergamot)
  • linalol (as linalyl acetate in lavender and rosemary)
86
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

NONCYCLIC:
otto of rose

87
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

NONCYCLIC:
orange and bergamot

88
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

NONCYCLIC:
as linalyl acetate in lavender and rosemary

89
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

  • terpeneol (neroli oil)
  • menthol (peppermint oil)
A

monocyclic

90
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

MONOCYCLIC:
neroli oil

91
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

MONOCYCLIC:
peppermint oil

92
Q

TERPENE ALCOHOLS

  • Sabinol (Juniperus sabina)
  • borneol
93
Q

ALCOHOLS

  • aka glycols
  • 3,6-dihydroxytropane
  • Panaxadiol (component of ginseng steroid)
  • Plyenediol or oenanthotoxin (toxic component of hemclock)
A

DIHYDIC ALCOHOLS

94
Q

DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

component of ginseng steroid

A

PANAXADIOL

95
Q

DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

toxic component of hemlock

A

POLYENEDIOL / OENANTHOTOXIN

96
Q

ALCOHOLS

aka glycerol

A

TRIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

97
Q

ALCOHOLS

  • Carbohydrates
  • Meso-erythritol
  • Hexahydric sugar alcohols
A

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL

98
Q

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS

found in seaweeds & lichens

A

MESO-ERYTHRITOL

99
Q

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL

  • sorbitol (rosaceous fruits)
  • mannitol (manna)
  • dulcitol (Euonymus)

all are artifical sweetening agent (non sugar)

A

HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS

100
Q

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS

SOURCE:
sorbitol

A

rosaceous fruits

101
Q

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS

SOURCE:
mannitol

102
Q

POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL | HEXAHYDRIC SUGAR ALCOHOLS

SOURCE:
dulcitol

103
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

  • 92.3% by weight
  • 94.9% or 95% by volume
  • 70% used as local anti-infective
104
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

ETHANOL:
% by weight

105
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

ETHANOL:
% by volume

A

94.9% or 95%

106
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

ETHANOL:
% as local anti-infective

107
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

48.4% - 49.5% used as solvent

A

DILUTED ALCOHOL

108
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

% of diluted alcohol used as solvent

A

48.4% - 49.5%

109
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

distillation from wine

110
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

fermented malted grain

111
Q

OTHER ALCOHOLS

fermented molasses

112
Q
  • chemical combination of COOH and OH with release of water
  • dehydration condensation

PCOG LEC (24 decks)

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