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BIOGENESIS Flashcards

1
Q

a plant that does not form a woody stem

ex. grass

A

HERB

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2
Q

refers to any plants used for medicinal purposes

A

MEDICINAL HERB

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3
Q

study of the relationship between plants and people and their culture (John William Harshberger, 1895)

A

ETHNOBOTANY

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4
Q

who gave coined the term ethnobotany

A

John William Harshberger

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5
Q

ethnobotanist like Joseph Rock uses ____ to obtain chaulmoogra oils

A

Hydnocarpus laurifolia

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6
Q

practitioners of ethnobotany is called as

A

ethnobotanist

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7
Q

who uses chaulmoogra oil

A

Joseph Rock

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8
Q

chaulmoogra oil is used in

A

mgmt. of Hansen’s disease / leprosy

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9
Q

Father of Modern Ethnobotany

A

Richard Evans Schulte

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10
Q

study of phytochemicals in plants describing the large number of secondary metabolites

A

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

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11
Q

use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes

A

PHYTOTHERAPY

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12
Q

a system of alternative medicine that strives to treat “like cures like”

A

HOMEOPATHY

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13
Q

what give plant and animal drugs their therapeutic properties

A

chemical compounds

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14
Q

compounds that exert physiologic effect

A

glycosides
alkaloids
terpenes

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15
Q

natural anti-malarial drug

A

artemisin

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16
Q

chemical enteties used as medicinal agents, either in crude form or may be extracted

A

PLANT CONSTITUENTS

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17
Q

PLANT CONSTITUENTS

NO pharmacologic activity
* cellulose, lignin, suberin, cutin, starch, albumin, coloring matters
* keratin, chitin, muscle fiber, and connective tissue

A

inert

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18
Q

PLANT CONSTITUENTS

referred to as “secondary” plant substances, that are usually extracted, crystallized, and purified for therapeutic use.

A

active

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19
Q

constituents are either

A

single chemicals
mixtures

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20
Q

3 principal factors that influence secondary constituents of drugs

A

heredity
ontogeny
environment

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21
Q

stage of development

A

ontogeny

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22
Q

when does the cannabidiol content of Cannabis sativa reaches its peak

A

early in the growing szn

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23
Q

most important source of natural drugs

A

plants

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24
Q

more than how many % of prescription drugs are natural products

A

30%

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25
Q

% of anticanccer and anti-infective drugs that are natural

A

more than 60%

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26
Q

Plant consituents are also known as

A

PLANT METABOLITES

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27
Q

Plant constituents comprise a variety of ____ substances that are formed and accumulated by plants

A

ORGANIC

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28
Q

the medicinal effects of plants are due to metabolites especially ____ produced by plant species

A

SECONDARY METABOLITES

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29
Q

Primary metabolites are produced by

A

PRIMARY METABOLISM

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30
Q

these are essential for life and are commonly present in all organisms in large amounts

A

PRIMARY METABOLITES

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31
Q

Primary metabolites are also known as

A

BIOMOLECULES

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32
Q

Secondary metabolites are also known as

A

PLANT CONSTITUENTS
NATURAL PRODUCTS

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33
Q
  • these compounds are products of emtabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism
  • found in small or minute amounts
A

SECONDARY METABOLISM

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34
Q

plant materials that porvide defense against predators

A

toxic materials

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35
Q

attract or warn other species

A

coloring agents

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36
Q
  • have metabolic functions essential for plant growth and development
  • produced in every plant
A

PRIMARY METABOLITES

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37
Q
  • dont have apparent functions involved in plant growth and development
  • produced in different plant families, in specific groups of plant families or in specific tissues, cells, or developmental stages throughout the plant development
A

SECONDARY METABOLITES

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38
Q

important in the synthesis of gibberelic acid

A

Kaurenoic acid

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39
Q

product of metabolism of kaurenoic acid

A

abietic acid

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40
Q

a resin component

A

abietic acid

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41
Q

product of metabolism of proline

A

pipecolic acid

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42
Q

glucose contains what essential fatty acid

A

a-linolenic aicd

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43
Q

each plant family, genus, and species produces a characteristic mix of ____ and they can sometimes beused as ____ in classifying plants

A

secondary metabolites, taxonomic characters

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44
Q

secondary metabolites of Solanaceae

A

alkaloids

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45
Q

secondary metabolites of Rutaceae

A

flavonoids

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46
Q

secondary metabolites are rare in ____

A

animlas

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47
Q

roles of secondary metabolites

A
  • defense
  • detoxifying agents
  • source of pharmacologically active
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48
Q

Venus flytrap / Pitcher plant produces ____ that can attract insects

A

mucilaginous substances / mucilages

49
Q

fatty acids and sugars are classified as

A

primary metabolites

they act as precursor in the synthesis of other metabolites

50
Q

secondary metabolites facilitate in the production in ____

A

young tissues

51
Q

are typical needed for heterotrophic animals that cannot degrade their food completely for energy production

A

plants - autotrophs, waste products

52
Q

secondary compounds are groupeed into classes based on

A

structures
biosynthetic pahtways
kinds of plant that makes them

53
Q

largest classes of secondary compounds

A

alkaloids
terpenoids
phenolics

54
Q

combination molecules of sugars are known as

A

glycosides

55
Q

most common roles of secondary compound

A

ecological roles

govern interactions between plant & other organisms

56
Q

many secondary compounds are brightly colored pigments like ____

A

anthocyanin

57
Q

anthocyanin color flowers ____ and ____

A

red & blue

58
Q

Nicotine and other toxic compounds may protect the plant from ____ and ____

A

herbivores & microbes

59
Q

visual pollinator attractant

60
Q

olfactory pollinator attractant

61
Q

defense toxin

A

dimboa
Berberine

62
Q

antifungal toxin

A

Brassilexin

63
Q

insect feeding deterrent

64
Q

trigger induced accumulation of SMs

A

wounding & infection

65
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

precursor of phenolic compounds

A

gallic acid

66
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

includes a wide range of plant substances, which are recognized by their hypophilic nature and their common origin from the aromatic precursor – Gallic acid

A

phenolic compounds

67
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

phenolic compounds are introduced via what pathway

A

shikimic acid pathway

68
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

largest group of phenolic compounds

A

flavonoids

69
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES

phenolic compounds are primarily used as

A

antiseptic

70
Q

the term TERPENOID originated from

A

Pinus palustris
pine tree

71
Q

occurence of terpenes in nature

72
Q

TERPENE CLASSIFICATION

main constituents of volatile oils

A

mono & sesquiterpenoids

74
Q

TERPENE CLASSIFICATION

steroids are derived from isoprene through formation of

74
Q

uses of terpenes

A

antimicrobial
anticancer
affect CNS

75
Q

TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION

fragrance (volatile)

A

above ground attraction

75
Q

TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION

orientation cues (non volatile)

A

below ground attraction

75
Q

Nitrogen containing compounds are distinguished from other classes because of its

A

nitrogenous - basic (some)

75
Q

TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION

antimicrobial, antifeedant (non volatile)

A

below ground protection

75
Q

TERPENOIDS & COMMUNICATION

repellents, antifeedants, predator attraction
(volatile/nonvolatile)

A

above ground protection

76
Q

Nitrogen containing compounds gives positive result to ____ and ____

A

ninhydrin
dragendorff

76
Q

it is a phase in pharmacognosy that relates to the study of the biochemical pathways or biosynthetic processes leading to the formation of secondary constituents used as drugs

A

BIOGENESIS

76
Q

Biogenesis is also called

A

drug biosynthesis

76
Q

all organisms need to provide themselves with energy in the form of

77
Q

an integrated network of enzyme-mediated and carefully regulated chemical reactions, and the pathways involved are termed

A

metabolic pathways

INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

78
Q

the process that involves the pathways for generally modifying and synthesizing CHO, porteins, fats, nucleic acids

A

primary metabolism

79
Q

compounds involved in the primary metabolism

A

primary metabolites

80
Q

Shikimic acid + aromatic amino acids can synthesize

A

phenylpropanoids

81
Q

shikimic acid + aromatic amino acid primary metabolite

82
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Co₂ + O₂

83
Q

most important hexose

A

GLUCOSE
C₆H₁₂O₆

84
Q

chemical formula for isoprene

85
Q

Mevalonate + isoprene

A

terpenoids

86
Q

mevalonic + squalene

87
Q

mevalonate pathway leading to ____

A

IPP in the cytosol

88
Q

pathway that occurs in plasmid

A

methyl erythritol pathway MEP

89
Q

hydrophilic compounds

90
Q

alkaloids (caffeine)
terpenoids (monoterpenes)

A

chloroplasts

91
Q

amines, alkaloids

A

mitochondria

92
Q

alklaoids

93
Q

hydroxylation step, lipophilic compounds

94
Q

water soluble SM

A

glycosides

95
Q

Lipophilic SM

A

resins / fixed oils

96
Q

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Rubber tree

A

Hevea brasiliensis

97
Q

IPP meaning

A

isopentenyl pyrophosphate

98
Q

the building blocks for secondary metabolites are derived from

A

primary metabolism

99
Q

most important building blocks employed in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are derived from the intermediates of

A

acetyl CoA
shikimmic acid
mevalonic acid
1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate

100
Q

DXP means

A

deoxyxylulose phosphate

101
Q

aromatic amino acids that are products from the shikimate pathway

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

102
Q

refers to a phenylpropyl unit

103
Q

formed from phenylalanine unit with the addition of carboxyl carbon

104
Q
  • usually found as heterocyclic pyrrolidine system
  • produced from L-ornithine (nonprotein)
105
Q

from L-lysine

106
Q

are for the synthesis of primary & secondary metabolites

A

biosynthetic pathways

107
Q

PATHWAYS

for photsynthesis

A

calvin cycle

108
Q

PATHWAYS

for aromatic compounds

A

shikimic acid

109
Q

PATHWAYS

for isoprenoid
terpenes
steroids
squalene

A

acetate-mevalonic acid

110
Q

PATHWAYS

for fatty acids

A

acetate-malonic acid

PCOG LEC (24 decks)

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