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PCOG LEC > CARBS > Flashcards

CARBS Flashcards

1
Q
  • are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols consisting of cabron, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • has equal number of carbon atoms and H2O
A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

carbohydrates act as important precursor in the ____ that may help plants defend themselves against potential predators

A

biosynthesis of metabolites

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3
Q

PLANT metabolites contains ____ as an essential feature of their structure

A

SUGAR

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4
Q

structural feature in MICROORGANISMS

A

peptidoglycan

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5
Q

play an ecological role in plant-animalinteraction, protection from wound and infection and detoxification of foreign substances

A

CARBS

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6
Q

used as food and pharmaceutical

A

sugar & starch

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7
Q

carbohydrates are considered what type of metabolites

A

PRIMARY METABOLITES

bc they are found among living organisms

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8
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

cannot be hydrolyzed into simple sugar

A

MONOsacch

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9
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

hydrolyzed into 2 monosachh

A

DIsacch

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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

yields 3 monosacch

A

TRIsacch

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11
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

yields 4 monosacch

A

TETRAsacch

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12
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

contains more than 10 monosacch units

A

POLYsacch

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13
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

3C

A

TRIose

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14
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

4C

A

TETRose

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15
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

5C

A

PENTose

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16
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

6C

A

HEXose

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17
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • most important monosaccharide found in plants
  • acts as building blocks for many important polysaccharides such as starches, glycogen, and cellulose
A

HEXOSE

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18
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • wood sugar
  • main building block of hemicellulose
  • source: Corn cobs (Zea mays)
  • use: diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal absorption (malabsorption problem)
A

XYLOSE

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19
Q

two types of glycosidic bond

A

alpha & beta

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20
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBS

  • commonly found in nature as lactose, sucrose, maltose (LSM)
  • formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides
A

DISACCHARIDES

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21
Q

DISACCHARIDES

are formed by what reaction

A

condensation

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22
Q

the type of bond that is formed between the two sugars is called

A

glycosidic bond

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23
Q

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

sucrose

A

a1-b2

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24
Q

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

maltose

A

a-1,4

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25
Q

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

lactose

A

b-1,4

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26
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • is composed of 2 units of glucose (glucose + glucose)
  • joined by an a-1,4 glycosidic bond
  • use in alcohol production
  • uncommon in nature; can be formed through the breakdown of starch by the enzymes of the mouth
  • source: sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)
A

MALTOSE - malt sugar

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27
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • an excellent preservative because it has no reducing end or reactive group like the other sugars
  • hydrolysis yields mixtures of glucose and fructose called “invert sugars”
A

SURCOSE - table sugar

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28
Q

DISACCHARIDES

sucrose is also known as

A

table sugar

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29
Q

DISACCHARIDES

hydrolysis of sucrose yields mixtures of glucoe and fructose called ____ which is sweeter than sucrose

A

INVERT SUGARS

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30
Q

DISACCHARIDES

sources of sucrose

A

Sugar beet - Beta vulgaris
Sugar maple - Acer saccharum
Sugar cane - Saccharum offinicarum

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31
Q

DISACCHARIDES

  • joined by β-1,4 glycosidic bond
  • glucopyranoside
A

LACTOSE - milk sugar

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32
Q

DISACCHARIDES

lactose is also known as

A

milk sugar

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33
Q

DISACCHARIDES

structure of lactose

A

glucopyranoside

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34
Q

DISACCHARIDES

some people cannot digest lactose due to the absence of what enzyme

A

lactase

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35
Q

DISACCHARIDES

source of lactose

A

Cow - Bos Taurus

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36
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

milk left after separation of the cream

A

SKIMMED MILK

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37
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

united fat globules when churned

A

BUTTER

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38
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

skimmed milk with renin

A

CHEESE

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39
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

liquid separated from coagulin, contains lactose & inorganic salts

A

WHEY

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40
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

WHEY contains

A

lactose & inorganic salts

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41
Q

DISACCHARIDES | LACTOSE

partial evaporation of milk in a vacuum

A

CONDENSED MILK

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42
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

  • important oligosaccharides that are found in beans and legumes
  • because of their unique glycosidic bonds, they cannot be broken down into their sip=mple sugars
  • cannot be absorbed by the small intestine and are often metabolized by the bacteria in the large intestine to form unwanted gaseous byproducts
A

RAFFINOSE & STACHYOSE

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43
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE are found in

A

beans & legumes

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44
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE are often metabolized by

A

bacteria in the small intestine

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45
Q

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

metabolism of RAFFINOSE and STACHYOSE form ____

A

unwanted gaseous byproducts

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46
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

A

Raffinose
Gentianose

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47
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

RAFFINOSE with acid

A

sucrose + galactose

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48
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

RAFFINOSE with yeast

A

melobiose + fructose

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49
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

GENTIANOSE with acid

A

2 glucose + fructose

50
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

GENTIANOSE with emulsin

A

sucrose + glucose

51
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

GENTIANOSE with invertase

A

fructose + gentiabiose

52
Q

TRISACCHARIDES

GENTIANOSE are found in what plant

A

Gentiana lutea

53
Q

TETRASACCHARIDES

54
Q

TETRASACCHARIDES

STACHYOSE with acid

A

2 galactose + glucose + fructose

55
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

monosaccharide polymer

56
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

one type of monosacchaaride units

glucan, fructosan

A

HOMOGLYCAN

57
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

more than one type of monosaccharide units

xylomannan

A

HETEROGLYCAN

58
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

  • linear, nonbranching
  • about 20%, more soluble in water
  • with Iodine - blue black
  • 200-300 units of glucopyranose
A

AMYLOSE (β-amylose)

59
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

how many % of the composition of starch is composed of AMYLOSE

60
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

amylose with Iodine TS

A

blue black

61
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

how many units of glucopyranose are there in amylose

A

200-300 units

62
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

  • branching
  • about 80%; soluble in water
  • branched at a-1,4 glycosidic bonds (20-26 units)
  • with Iodine TS - violet
  • 1000 units glucopyranose
A

AMYLOPECTIN (a-amylose)

63
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

how many % of the composition of starch is composed of AMYLOPECTIN

64
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

branching of AMYLOPECTIN

65
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

units of AMYLOPECTIN in branching

A

20-26 units

66
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

AMYLOPECTIN with Iodine TS

67
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

how many units of glucopyranose are there in AMYLOPECTIN

68
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | STARCH

SOURCES of starch

A

Corn - Zea mays
Wheat - Triticum estivum
Potato - Solanum tuberosum
Tapioca - Manihot utilissima

69
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • semisynthetic
  • 90% amylopectin
  • plasma expander
  • adjunct therapy in treatment of shock caused by hemorraghe, burn, surgery, sepsis
A

HETASTARCH

70
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

% amylopectin composition of HETASTARCH

A

90% amylopectin

71
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • only fructosan found in Asteraceae
  • D-fructofruanose abundant in Asteraceae
  • used in culture media as a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacetria and in special laboratory emthods fro the evaluation of renal function (glomerular filtration)
72
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • source - Leuconostoc mesenteroides
  • used in 6% solution as plasma expander in cases of trauma, burns to reduce blood viscosity
73
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

source of DEXTRAN

A

Leuconostoc mesenteroides

74
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

Dextran is used in how many % solution as plasma expander

75
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • most abundant organic compound on earth
  • principal sturctural element of higher plant cell wall
  • linear, β-1,4 glycosidic bond
76
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • Gossypium hirsutum, G. herbaceum
  • surgical dressing, absorb blood, pus, mucus & keep bacteria from infecting wound
  • raw: for textile production
A

PURIFIED COTTON / ABSORBENT COTTON

77
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

source of PURIFIED COTTON / ABSORBENT COTTON

A

Gossypium hirsutum, G. herbaceum

78
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • the purity of ____ is defined by measuring its solubility in NaOH solution
  • used as pharmaceutical excipient
A

POWDERED CELLULOSE

79
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

purity is defined by measuring its solubility in ____ solution

80
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

cellulose that remain insoluble

A

a-cellulose

81
Q

STEPS IN PURIFYING COTTON

A
  1. removal of impurities
  2. bleaching
  3. washing
  4. drying
  5. packaging
  6. sterilization
82
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

artifical tears or contact lens solution

A

METHYLCELLULOSE

83
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

tablet binder and film coating

A

EHTYLCELLULOSE

84
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

thickening agent and ingredient in the formulation of artificial tears

A

HYDROXYETHYLCELLULOSE

85
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

stabilizer, thickener, binder

A

HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE

86
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

  • product obtain by the action of the mixture of Nitric acid and sulfuric acid in cotton
  • topical protectant
A

PYROXYLIN / SOLUBLE GUNCOTTON

87
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

PYROXYLIN is also known as

A

soluble guncotton

88
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN | CELLULOSE

a fribrous, bleached, regenerated cellulose and it is used as surgical aid

A

PURIFIED RAYON

89
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

  • animal starch
  • important reserved carbohydrates of animal tissue
90
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

difficult to isolate in a pure form

A

xylans
mannans
galactan

91
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

occurs in the cell wall with cellulose and pectic substances

A

HEMICELLULOSE

92
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCAN

resembles cellulose but molecule contains 25% β-1,3 glycosidic bonds

A

LICHENIN / LICHEN STARCH

93
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • readily dissolves in water
  • plant hydrocolloids classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharide
  • consist of linear polymer or branched polymer
94
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • less soluble
  • yields solution with greater viscosity
  • less stable (tend to precipitate)
  • could significantly influence the shelf life of product formulation
A

LINEAR POLYMER

95
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • forms gels rather than viscous solution at higher concentration
  • tacky when moist
  • rehydrate more readily
A

BRANCHED HYDROCOLLOIDS

96
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • seal damaged bark
  • preserve from dehydration
  • acacia, karaya, tragacanth
A

EXUDATE from trees and shrub

97
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • serve as polysaccharide food reservoir
  • guar, locust bean, psyllium
98
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • fermentation
  • dextran, xanthan
A

MICROBIAL GUM

99
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

  • reserve food
  • agar, algin, carrageenan
A

MARINE GUM

100
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN

plant extract

101
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN | GUM

  • Astragalus gummifer
  • contains 60%-70% bassorin that swell in water but do not dissolve
  • contains 30% tragacanthin, more water soluble
  • used as emulsifying, suspending agent, demulcent and an emollient
A

TRAGACANTH (Persian Gum)

102
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCAN | GUM

TRAGACANTH composition

A

60-70% bassorin
30% tragacanthin

103
Q

general test for carbohydrates

A

MOLISCH’S TEST

104
Q

Molisch’s test is also known as

A

a-naphthol test

105
Q

positive result for Molisch’s test

A

purple ring at the junction

106
Q
  • source: Middle lamella of seed bearing plants’
  • protectant, suspending agent
  • obtained by dilute acid extraction of the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruit
107
Q

PECTIN

source

A

middle lamella of seed bearing plant

108
Q

PECTIN

insoluble form is called

A

protopectin

109
Q

PECTIN

solution of pectin can be precipitated by ____

A

alcohol (salting out)

110
Q

PECTIN

anti-diarrheal formulation

A

Kaopectate

pectin + alcohol

111
Q

PECTIN

UNripe

A

protopectin

112
Q

PECTIN

JUST ripe

A

pectic acid

113
Q

PECTIN

OVERripe

A

pectinic acid

114
Q

parts used in SLIPPERY ELM

115
Q

parts used in QUINCE

116
Q

parts used in ALOE VERA

117
Q

parts used in COUCH GRASS

118
Q

parts used in MULLEIN

119
Q

parts used in MARSHMALLOW

A

Leaf / roots

120
Q

principal constituent of brown algae

A

algin
(alginic acid)

PCOG LEC (27 decks)

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