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1
Q

is regarded as the “mother of all science”

A

pharmacognosy

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2
Q

pharmacognosy is regarded as

A

mother of all science

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3
Q

They acquired knowledge of medicinal properties of plants in the following ways:

A
  • guess work or trial & error
  • search for food
  • signature of nature
  • instict of animals between toxic & palatable
  • accidental
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4
Q

who monopolized the knowledge of drugs and
hide that knowledge in some incantations.

A

medicine men

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5
Q

Pre-Historic Evidence of Pharmacognosy

A

7 out 8 species of pollen grains

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6
Q

where Pre-Historic Evidence of Pharmacognosy

A

Shanidar, Iraq

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7
Q
  • food gathering to food producing economy
  • make use of stone as tools for hunting
  • in the history of herbalism (phytotherapy)
A

New Stone Age

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8
Q

NEW STONE AGE

prepared food and healing potions

A

women

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9
Q

NEW STONE AGE

compiled the remedies and wrote them down

A

men

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10
Q

land between two rivers

A

mesopotamia

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11
Q
  • Birch Polypore (Medicinal mushrooms)
  • SN: Piptoporus betulinus or Fomitopsis betulina
  • AC: Agaric acid
  • Uses: strong purgative (strong laxative effect that may lead to dehydration)/anti-mycobacteria, toxic
A

Early Arabic and European Records

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12
Q
  • Cuneiform writing
  • “Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis” (1,600 B.C)
  • Babylonians
A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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13
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

the dominant system of writing in Mesopotamia

also known as baked clay tablets

A

cuneiform writing

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14
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

  • Consist of 40 tablets, it was collected and studied by Jean Baptiste Labat.
  • Example includes the management of excessive bleeding.
A

Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis

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15
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

the Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis consists of how many tablets

A

40 tablets

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16
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

Treatise of Medical Diagnosis and
Prognosis was collected and studied by

A

Jean Baptiste Labat

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17
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary

A

Babylonians

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18
Q

what is apothecary

A

pharmacy

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19
Q

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

Text on clay tablet includes

4

A
  • record of first symptoms of illness
  • prescription
  • directions for compounding
  • invocation to the gods
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20
Q
  • sometimes called as “sorcerer”
  • Diagnose the ailment
A

ashipu

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21
Q

Specialist in herbal remedies

A

asu

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22
Q
  • Emperor Sheng Nung
  • Investigated the medicinal value of herbs by tasting herbs to discover their qualities.
  • Written the first Pen T-Sao which is a recording of 365 drug
  • He was able to study podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark and ephedra
  • Shang Hang Lun written by Chang Chung-Ching
  • Chin Kuei Yao Lueh
  • Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu written by Tao Hong Jing
A

Ancient China

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23
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Investigated the medicinal value of herbs by tasting herbs to discover their qualities.

A

Emperor Sheng Nung

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24
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Emperor Sheng Nung wrote the first ____ which is a recording of 365 drugs

A

Pen T-Sao

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25
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

how many drugs does Pen T-Sao contains

A

365

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26
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Emperor Sheng Nung studied the herbs by

A

tasting the herbs

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27
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

classification of the 365 drugs based on Emperor Sheng Nung

A
  • Emperor’s Herb
  • Minister’s Herb
  • Servant’s Herb
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28
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

food grade herb, for large intakes, safe

A

Emperor’s herb

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29
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

mildly toxic, slight irritation

A

Minister’s herb

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30
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

generally poisonous

A

Servant’s herb

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31
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

cinnamon bark was first found in

A

Ceylon

known today as Sri Lanka

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32
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

ephedra is also called as

A

Ma Huang

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33
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Shang Hang Lun is written by

A

Chang Chung-Ching

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34
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

  • Companion book of Shang Hang Lun
  • Historical origin of the most important classical herbal formulas that have became the basis of Chinese and Chinese-Japanese herbalism “kampo”
A

Chin Kuei Yao Lueh

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35
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Chinese-Japanese herbalism

A

kampo

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36
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu is written by

A

Tao Hong Jing

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37
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

730 herbs, described and classified into 6 categories

A

Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu

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38
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

how many herbs in Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu

A

730

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39
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

the herbs are described and classified into how many categories in Pen T’sao Jing Ji Zhu

A

6 categories

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40
Q

ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO

traditional Japanese medicine, is sometimes referred to as

A

low dose Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

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41
Q

ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO

the compendium of Japanese medicine.

A

daidoruijoho

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42
Q

ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO

a court physician who compiled the Ishinho

A

Yasuyori Tamba

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43
Q

ANCIENT CHINA | KAMPO

consisted of 30 scrolls detailing the medical knowledge of the Sui and T’ang dynasties.

A

Ishinho

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44
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

  • Standard pharmaceutical system has been established throughout China
  • The preparation differs according to the needs for the treatment of disease.
A

Sung dynasty

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45
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

  • Bibliography of the History of Sui (Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi)
  • How to Cultivate Herbs (Zhong Zhi Yue Fa)
  • How to Collect Herbs in the Forest (Ru Lin Cai Yue Fa)
A

Sui dynasty

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46
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

  • Herbal with Commentary (Pen T’sao Kan Mu). Written by Li Shi Zhen.
  • With 3 revisions, the book contains 1892 drugs, 376 described for the first time with 1,160 drawings. It also contains more than 11,000 prescriptions.
A

Later Ming dynasty

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47
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Herbal with Commentary

A

Pen T’sao Kan Mu

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48
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Pen T’sao Kan Mu is written by

A

Li Shi Zhen

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49
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Pen T’sao Kan Mu contains how many drugs described for the first time

A

376

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50
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Pen T’sao Kan Mu contains how many drugs

A

1892

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51
Q

ANCIENT CHINA

Pen T’sao Kan Mu contains how many prescriptions

A

11,000

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52
Q
  • Ebers Papyrus
  • Edwin Smith Papyrus
  • Kahun Medical Papyrus
A

Ancient Egypt

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53
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

  • The most complete medical document, the oldest and the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt;
  • It is a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs;
  • Is a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long.
A

Ebers Papyrus

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54
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

Ebers Papyrus is named after

A

George Ebers

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55
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

Ebers Papyrus contains how many prescriptions

56
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

Ebers Papyrus mentions how many drugs

57
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

how many pages is the Ebers Papyrus

58
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

each scroll of the Ebers Papyrus is how many meters long

59
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

contains surgical instructions and formulas for cosmetics (contains heavy metals)

A

Edwin Smith Papyrus

60
Q

ANCIENT EGYPT

is the oldest and deals with health of women, including birthing instructions

A

Kahun Medical Papyrus

61
Q

Ayurveda means

A

ayur - life
veda - study of
“Biology”
“study of life”

62
Q
  • mentioned medicines from plants like ricinus, pepper, lily, valerian etc.
  • has three main parts and three minor parts
A

Ayurvedic writing

63
Q

AYURVEDIC WRITING

what does ricinus produce

A

castor oil

64
Q

AYURVEDIC WRITING

a book that is similar to chinese Pen T’sao

65
Q
  • Indonesian traditional medicine
  • Carvings at the temple of Borobudur, depict the use of kalpataruh leaves (‘the tree that never dies’) to make medicines
  • Two of the most important manuscripts – Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi (‘A treatise on all manner of cures’) and Serat Centhini (‘Book of Centhini’) – are in the Surakarta Palace library.
66
Q

JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Carvings at the temple of Borobudur, depict the use of

A

kalpataruh leaves

67
Q

JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

kalpataruh leaves is also called as

A

the tree that never dies

68
Q

JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi

A

A treatise on all manner of cures

69
Q

JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Serat Centhini

A

Book of Centhini

70
Q

JAMU | INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

local name of Java tea

A

balbas pusa

71
Q
  • Suggest that around 2500 B.C, Sumerians already had commerce of crude drugs.
  • Assyrians 660 B.C 250 drugs were recognized, discovered and cultivated by them.
A

King Ashurbanipal

72
Q

how many drugs were recognized, discovered, and cultivated by the Assyrians

73
Q

the Father of Medicine

A

Hippocrates

74
Q
  • known to be as the first nature doctor
  • he advocated water/hydrotherapy
A

Hippocrates

75
Q

ANCIENT GREECE & ROME

A student of great philosopher Plato listed more than 500 plants of medicinal importance with their description and uses.

76
Q

ANCIENT GREECE & ROME

  • Wrote the De Historia Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum.
  • These book contains many kinds of plants and how they are used in medicine, how to grow them.
A

Theophrastus

77
Q

ANCIENT GREECE & ROME

books that Theophrastus wrote

A

De Historia Plantarum
De Causis Plantarum

78
Q

ANCIENT GREECE & ROME

  • First herbalist who produced an illustrated work on medicinal plants
  • also known to be the Father of Ancient phytography (the art and science of plant illustration)
79
Q
  • wrote De Materia Medica
  • unofficial Father of Pharmacology
A

Pedanios Dioscorides

80
Q

Pedanios Dioscorides wrote ____

A

De Materia Medica

81
Q
  • Is an organized pharmaceutical and medical knowledge;
  • Gives information pertaining to drug and their usage;
  • concerning medical matter in five volumes.
A

De Materia Medica libri quinque

82
Q

how many volumes of De Materia Medica

83
Q
  • wrote Natural History
  • He reports from writings of many authors whose work does not survive.
  • known to be the Ancient plagiarist
  • He extensively copied the manuscripts to preserve from war and fires and compiled them.
A

Pliny de Elder

84
Q

largest collection on plants from the Roman Period. Serves as a valuable resource for the medicinal uses of plants in ancient medicine

A

Natural history

85
Q

a 3rd Century AD Greek physician, who codified the preparation of drugs using multiple ingredients by mechanical means called galenicals

A

Claudius Galen

86
Q

reqs for Galenicals

A
  • natural / plant origin
  • mechanical preparation
87
Q
  • Medicinal materials
  • Substances and products derived from natural sources and was employed by the physician during the Ancient Greece and Rome
A

Materia medica

88
Q

MIDDLE AGES

  • one of the brilliant contributors to Pharmacy and Medicine.
  • He wrote Book of Healing (Kitab Al-Shifa) and the Canon of Medicine.
89
Q
  • Ibn Sina
  • beginning of trade
  • Persian Galen
A

Middle ages

90
Q

MIDDLE AGES

what did Ibn Sina wrote

A

Book of Healing (Kitab Al-Shifa)
Canon of Medicine

91
Q

Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in

A

Sicily & southern Italy

92
Q

he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice

A

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen

93
Q
  • Herbarium Apuleius
  • The Leech Vook of Bald
  • Family Myddvai
A

Anglo-Saxon Leechcraft

94
Q

anglo saxon means

A

old english

95
Q

ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT

one of the most copied herbal manuscripts, contains over 100 herbs

A

herbarium apuleius

96
Q

ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT

contains many formulas and herbal remedies in a fairly sophisticated system of therapeutics.

A

the leech book of bald

97
Q

ANGLO-SAXON LEECHCRAFT

practiced herbalism in a highly artful degree, their work is written in Physicians of Myddvai.

A

family myddvai

98
Q
  • During the Middle Ages, remnants of Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (5th – 12th centuries).
  • Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries.
  • Monks cultivate herbs in the garden, herbs were prepared based on the art of apothecary
A

Monastic pharmacy

99
Q

Otto Brunfels
Hiernonymus Bock

A

the renaissance

100
Q
  • The First Official Pharmacopoeia
  • originated in Florence, Italy
  • It was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.
  • Guild of Apothecaries and Medical Society
A

De Nuovo Receptario

101
Q

Father of Modern Phytography

A

Hiernonymus Bock

102
Q

wrote Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians)

A

martin de la cruz

103
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

104
Q
  • Father of Toxicology
  • introduced minerals into medical practice and called for the extraction of the active principle from animals, plants or minerals.
  • According to him, healing was due to ‘the power of life, which is only supported by the medical doctor and the medicine’
A

Theophrastus Bombastus of Hohenheim
Paracelsus

105
Q

the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries was founded in

106
Q

it formed its own garden of medicinal plants, known today as the Chelsea Physic Garden

A

Worshipful Society of Apothecaries

107
Q
  • One of the most well-known English apothecaries (and astrologers) of the 17th century
  • Known for ‘Culpeper’s herbal’
  • This is the only herbal that rivals in popularity John Gerard’s General historie of plantes
A

Nicholas Culpeper

108
Q

Pharmacognosy was found in what year

109
Q
  • Johann Adam Schmidt (1759-1809)
  • Carolus Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants - Binomial nomenclature)
  • At the end, crude drugs were still being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures.
A

18th century

110
Q
  • the chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined.
  • The progress achieved during this century in the field of botanical sciences had a direct influence in Pharmacognosy.
A

19th century

111
Q

led to the development of a field of research now called natural product chemistry or, specifically for plants, phytochemistry where pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be isolated and characterized.

A

early 19th century

112
Q

Morphine from opium poppy was first identified by

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner

113
Q

Salicin, from willow bark was first isolated by

A

Johannes Buchner

114
Q

Salicin, from willow bark was derivatized first by ____ to yield salicylic acid

A

Rafaele Pirea

115
Q

Salicin, from willow bark was later derivatized by ____ to yield acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin

A

bayer company

116
Q

Quinine, from cinchona bark was first isolated by

A

Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaime Caventou

117
Q

Atropine is from

A

belladonna

118
Q

Atropine (1833), from belladonna (Atropa belladonna L., Solanaceae), was used at the time for

119
Q

Coniine, a highly poisonous natural product, was first isolated in 1826 from
* Socrates used this to commit suicide
* it was the first alkaloid to have its structure elucidated

120
Q

Emetine is from ____ used as an emetic and as well as in cough medications

A

ipecacuanha

121
Q

Strychnine is from ____ and was used as a tonic and stimulant

A

nux-vomica

122
Q
  • French physiologist - conducted detailed studies on the pharmacological effects of plant extracts, studied curare – a drug and arrow poison used by the American Indians of the Amazon
  • He was also able to demonstrate that the main cause of death was by muscular paralysis, and that animals showed no signs of nervousness or pain.
A

CLAUDE BERNARD

123
Q

the botanical source of curare was identified as

A

Chondrodendrone tomentosum

124
Q
  • Animal kingdom;
  • Microorganisms
  • Tremendous work has been done in this field and phytochemistry as a distinct branch in science was evolved.
  • Constituents isolated from the plants were not only used as such, buy they were also used for semi-synthesis and also as model for the synthetic drugs
A

20th century

125
Q

20TH CENTURY

Discovery of the antibacterial properties of fungal metabolites such as benzylpenicillin, by

A

Florey & Fleming

126
Q

Advent of synthetic chemistry in the field of pharmacy.
Where ____; used methylene blue (chemotherapeutic agent) in the treatment of mild forms of malaria in 1891

A

Paul Ehrlich

127
Q

Father of Modern Chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

128
Q
  • 1st British Pharmacognosist; gave Pharmacognosy its pharmaceutical basis and application;
  • founder of British Pharmacognosy
A

Jonathan Pereira

129
Q

most outstanding applied pharmacognosist

A

Daniel Hanbury

130
Q

applied pharmacognosist who stand out both in quality and quantity.

A

E. M Holmes

131
Q

transformed the old academic pharmacognosy by their contribution to the elimination of adulteration from powdered drugs.

A

H. G. Greenish and T. E. Wallis

132
Q
  • researches dealt particularly on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of drug plants.
  • She has done studies on the pharmacognosy of agar (from Philippine seaweed), rauwolfia, datura, mint and piper species; these are considered pioneering research efforts in local pharmaceutical science.
A

Magdalena C. Cantoria

133
Q

pharmakon means

134
Q

gignosco means

A

to acquire knowledge

135
Q
  • Discovered the use of digitalis and published “An Account of The Foxglove and Some of Its Medicinal Uses”.
  • In 1875, the first active part of foxglove was isolated and called digitoxin.
A

William Withering

136
Q
  • Isolated the first opium’s narcotic principle morphine.
  • He also recognize and prove the importance of alkaloids.
A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Seturner

137
Q

They isolated:
* Emetine - ipecacuanha
* Strychnine & Burcine - nux vomica
* Quinine and Cinchonine - cinchona barks

A

Joseph-Bieniamin Caventou and Pierre-Joseph Pelletier

PCOG LEC (24 decks)

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