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PCOG LEC > M3 > Flashcards

M3 Flashcards

1
Q

ensures the identity of a drug and determines the quality and purity of drugs.

A

EVALUATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

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2
Q

means the study of drugs using organs of senses. It refers to the methods of analysis like:
* colour, odour, taste, size, shape, and
* special features, such as: touch, texture, etc

A

ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION

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3
Q
  • initial identification of herbs and identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herbs
  • detection of adulterants identifying the plant by characteristic tissue features.
A

MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION

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4
Q
  • qualitative chemical tests
  • quantitative chemical tests
  • chemical assays
  • Instrumental analysis
A

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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5
Q

Chemical methods of evaluation:

A
  • isolation
  • purification
  • identification of active constituents
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6
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

identification tests for various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc.
Ex:
* copper acetate used in the detection of colophony present as an adulterant for resins
* iodine for starch
* murexide test for purine bases

A

QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS

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7
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

  • acid value (resins, balsams)
  • saponification value (balsams)
  • ester value (balsams, volatile oils)
  • acetyl value (volatile oils), etc.
    are also useful in evaluation of a drug by means of chemical treatment.
A

QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS

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8
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

include assays for alkaloid, resin, volatile oil, glycoside, vitamins, or other constituent.
Examples:
* assay of total alkaloid in belladonna herb
* the total alkaloid and nonphenolic alkaloid in ipecacuanha
* the alkaloid strychnine in nux vomica
* the resin in jalap
* vitamins in cod-liver oil

A

CHEMICAL ASSAYS

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9
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

are used to analyse the chemical groups of phytoconstituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.

A

INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS

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10
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

include paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography.

A

CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS

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11
Q

CHEMICAL EVALUATION

include ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy

A

SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD

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12
Q
  • Solubility
  • Optical Rotation
  • Refractive index
  • Sppecific gravity
  • Viscosity
  • Meltin point
  • Moisture content
  • Ultraviolet light
  • Ash value
A

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

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13
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

Drugs specific behaviours towards solvents are taken into consideration.

A

SOLUBILITY

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14
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

Substances that can rotate the orientation of plane-polarized light. Such substances are said to be optically active, and this property is known as ____.
Ex:
* eucalyptus oil (0° to +10°)
* honey (+3° to -15°)
* chenopodium oil (-30° to -80°), etc

A

OPTICAL ROTATION

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15
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

The property of a material that changes the speed of light, computed as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light through the material.
Ex:
* castor oil 1.4758 to 1.527
* clove oil 1.527 to 1.535, etc

A

REFRACTIVE INDEX

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16
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

It is also known as relative density. The ratio of the mass of a solid or liquid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at 4°C (39°F).
Ex:
* cottonseed oil 0.88–0.93
* coconut oil 0.925
* castor oil 0.95, etc.

A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

17
Q

specific gravity is also known as

A

RELATIVE DENSITY

17
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

  • the resistance of a fluid to flow.
  • It is constant at a given temperature, it is used as an evaluation parameter
A

VISCOSITY

18
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Plant constituents have very sharp and constant ____.
Ex:
* beeswax 62–65°C
* wool fat 34–44°C
* agar melts at 85°C, etc

A

MELTING POINT

19
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

will be responsible for decomposition of crude drugs either producing chemical change or microbial growth.

A

MOISTURE CONTENT

20
Q

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

useful for detecting low-grade products, exhausted drugs, and excess of sandy or earthy matter

A

ASH VALUES

21
Q
  • The plant or extract can then be evaluated by various biological methods to determine pharmacological activity, potency, and toxicity.
  • The crude drugs are considered important only because of their biological effects and this evaluation would conclude the effect
A

BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

21
Q
A

PCOG LEC (6 decks)

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