M3 Flashcards
ensures the identity of a drug and determines the quality and purity of drugs.
EVALUATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
means the study of drugs using organs of senses. It refers to the methods of analysis like:
* colour, odour, taste, size, shape, and
* special features, such as: touch, texture, etc
ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
- initial identification of herbs and identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herbs
- detection of adulterants identifying the plant by characteristic tissue features.
MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
- qualitative chemical tests
- quantitative chemical tests
- chemical assays
- Instrumental analysis
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
Chemical methods of evaluation:
- isolation
- purification
- identification of active constituents
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
identification tests for various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc.
Ex:
* copper acetate used in the detection of colophony present as an adulterant for resins
* iodine for starch
* murexide test for purine bases
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
- acid value (resins, balsams)
- saponification value (balsams)
- ester value (balsams, volatile oils)
-
acetyl value (volatile oils), etc.
are also useful in evaluation of a drug by means of chemical treatment.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
include assays for alkaloid, resin, volatile oil, glycoside, vitamins, or other constituent.
Examples:
* assay of total alkaloid in belladonna herb
* the total alkaloid and nonphenolic alkaloid in ipecacuanha
* the alkaloid strychnine in nux vomica
* the resin in jalap
* vitamins in cod-liver oil
CHEMICAL ASSAYS
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
are used to analyse the chemical groups of phytoconstituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods.
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
include paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
include ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy
SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD
- Solubility
- Optical Rotation
- Refractive index
- Sppecific gravity
- Viscosity
- Meltin point
- Moisture content
- Ultraviolet light
- Ash value
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
Drugs specific behaviours towards solvents are taken into consideration.
SOLUBILITY
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
Substances that can rotate the orientation of plane-polarized light. Such substances are said to be optically active, and this property is known as ____.
Ex:
* eucalyptus oil (0° to +10°)
* honey (+3° to -15°)
* chenopodium oil (-30° to -80°), etc
OPTICAL ROTATION
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
The property of a material that changes the speed of light, computed as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light through the material.
Ex:
* castor oil 1.4758 to 1.527
* clove oil 1.527 to 1.535, etc
REFRACTIVE INDEX
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
It is also known as relative density. The ratio of the mass of a solid or liquid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at 4°C (39°F).
Ex:
* cottonseed oil 0.88–0.93
* coconut oil 0.925
* castor oil 0.95, etc.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
specific gravity is also known as
RELATIVE DENSITY
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
- the resistance of a fluid to flow.
- It is constant at a given temperature, it is used as an evaluation parameter
VISCOSITY
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Plant constituents have very sharp and constant ____.
Ex:
* beeswax 62–65°C
* wool fat 34–44°C
* agar melts at 85°C, etc
MELTING POINT
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
will be responsible for decomposition of crude drugs either producing chemical change or microbial growth.
MOISTURE CONTENT
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
useful for detecting low-grade products, exhausted drugs, and excess of sandy or earthy matter
ASH VALUES
- The plant or extract can then be evaluated by various biological methods to determine pharmacological activity, potency, and toxicity.
- The crude drugs are considered important only because of their biological effects and this evaluation would conclude the effect
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
