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J Derm > PHYSIOLOGY - skin structure > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - skin structure Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

which embryological layer does the epidermis come from

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

which embryological layer does the dermis come from

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

where does the neural crest come from embryologically

A

melanoblasts

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4
Q

what is the gastrulation stage of embryology

A

organisation into germ layers

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5
Q

how long does full regeneration of the skin (epidermis) take

A

28 days

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6
Q

what are blaschkos lines

A

the lines in which skin develops in

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7
Q

what is the outer most layer of the epidermis

A

keratin layer

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8
Q

what layer of the epidermis is internal to the keratin layer

A

granular layer

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9
Q

what layer of the epidermis is internal to the granular layer

A

prickle cell layer

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10
Q

what layer is internal to the prickle cell layer

A

basal layer

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11
Q

which layer is internal to the basal layer

A

dermis

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12
Q

what is the keratin layer also known as

A

stratum corneum

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13
Q

what 4 cells are in the keratin layer

A

keratinocytes
corneocytes
fillagrin protein
keratin protein

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14
Q

what are corneocytes

A

dead keratinocytes

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15
Q

where do keratinocytes originate

A

basal layer

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16
Q

what is the function of keratinocytes

A

vitamin D synthesis

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17
Q

when are keratinocytes activated

A

sunlight

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18
Q

what 3 cells are in the granular layer

A

lipids
odland bodies
birbeck granules

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19
Q

what does the prickle cell layer consist of

A

desmosomes (connections)

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20
Q

what 2 types of cells are in the prickle cell layer

A

birbeck granules

Langerhans cells

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21
Q

what do birbeck granules look like on histology

A

tennis rackets

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22
Q

what type of cells are Langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells

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23
Q

what does the prickle cell layer look like on histology (in comparison to the other layers)

A

‘prickly’ goes up and down in waves bc of the polyhedral cells

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24
Q

where is the basal layer

A

at the bottom

Basal = ‘Bottom’

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25
Q

what 2 cells are found in the basal layer

A

melanocytes

merkel cells

26
Q

what do melanocytes do

A

convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

27
Q

what are merkel cells

A

receptors - have nerves attached to them

28
Q

which 2 layers is the dermal-epidermal junction between

A

basal layer of epidermis and the dermis

29
Q

which layer contains muscles, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

A

the dermis

30
Q

what is one of the main cells in the dermis

what is its function

A

fibroblasts

produces collagen

31
Q

what type of corpuscle is in the dermis

A

meissener corpuscle

32
Q

what type of corpuscle is in the subcutaneous fat

A

pacinian corpuscle

33
Q

what are the 3 hair follicle growth phases

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

(get in the ACT)

34
Q

which hair follicle growth phase is the growing phase

A

anagen

35
Q

in which hair follicle phase does the hair involute (curve)

A

catagen

36
Q

what happens in the telogen phase of hair follicle growth

A

resting, nothing

hair can fall out

37
Q

what type of cells are nail cells

A

specialised keratin cells

38
Q

what is the growth rate of nails

A

0.1mm per day

39
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce

A

sebum

40
Q

where do you find sebaceous glands

A

mainly face and chest (but everywhere)

around hair follicles

41
Q

which group of people to sebaceous glands not work in

A

pre pubertal

42
Q

purpose of sebaceous glands

A

protect from fungal infection

control moisture loss

43
Q

what do apocrine glands produce

A

sweat

44
Q

where do you find apocrine glands (2)

A

axilla

perineum

45
Q

which skin glands produce a smell

A

apocrine glands

46
Q

where are eccrine glands (3)

A

everywhere esp;
soles of feet
palms of hands

47
Q

how do eccrine glands release their produce

A

exits skin directly

Eccrine glands = Exit skin directly = are Everywhere

48
Q

how do apocrine glands release their produce

A

via hair follicles

49
Q

what is hyperkeratosis

A

increased thickness of keratin layer

50
Q

what is parakeratosis

A

persistence of nuclei in the keratin layer

51
Q

should there normally be nuclei in the keratin layer

if there is, what has happened

example

A

no

cell turnover has been too quick

psoriasis

52
Q

how does psoriasis present on histology

A

parakeratosis - nuclei in keratin layer

53
Q

what is acanthosis

A

increased thickness of epithelium

54
Q

what is another word for acanthosis

A

hyperplasia

55
Q

what is papillomatosis

A

irregular epithelial thickening

think papilloma = benign tumour = irregular in shape

56
Q

what is spongiosis

A

oedema/fluid between cells

57
Q

which cells does the skin have that are important for immune defence (2)

A

Langerhans cells

T cells

58
Q

general function of keratin layer

A

waterproof barrier

59
Q

what is the function of blood vessels in the skin

A

temperature regulation by vasoconstriction/vasodilatation

60
Q

the production of melanin form melanocytes is significant because…

A

protects DNA from UV

J Derm (23 decks)

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