Physiology Review Q's Flashcards
PHYSIO Lectures: 1. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (1-24) 2. Excitation-Contraction coupling (25-41) 3. Neuromuscular Junction (42-67) PHYSIO PRACTICALS: 1. TS: Muscle twitch (68-74) 2. Nerve Conduction Velocity (75-77)
Which of the following is a dark band?
a. I band
b. A band
a. I band
Which of the following has high ATPase activity?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
a. fast-twitch muscles
Which of the following has lots of mitochondria?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
Which of the following has a larger diameter?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
a. fast-twitch muscles
Which of the following is stronger?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
a. fast-twitch muscles
Which of the following has a high amount of oxidative enzymes?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
Which of the following appears red?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
Which of the following has a high amount of glycolytic enzymes?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
a. fast-twitch muscles
What best describes the function of T tubules?
a. store Ca
b. plasma membrane
c. help action potential go to deep muscle
d. supply the energy needed for contraction
e. connects actin and myosin filaments elastically
c. help action potential go to deep muscle
Which is used to view a muscle fiber?
a. regular microscope
b. electron microscope
a. regular microscope
What best describes the function of titin?
a. store Ca
b. plasma membrane
c. help action potential go to deep muscle
d. supply the energy needed for contraction
e. connects actin and myosin filaments elastically
e. connects actin and myosin filaments elastically
T/F: the organization of myosin and actin must be constant in a healthy muscle
false; different organizations of myosin and actin occur based on location
Which is used to view a myofibril?
a. regular microscope
b. electron microscope
b. electron microscope
Which of the following has both actin and myosin?
a. I band
b. H zone
c. A band
d. Z line
c. A band
Which of the following only has actin?
a. I band
b. H zone
c. A band
d. Z line
a. I band
Which stops ATPase activity?
a. TnC
b. TnI
c. TnT
b. TnI
Which of the following only has myosin?
a. I band
b. H zone
c. A band
d. Z line
b. H zone
Which regulates the interaction between troponin complex and thin filaments?
a. TnC
b. TnI
c. TnT
c. TnT
Which marks the border of one sarcomere?
a. I band
b. H zone
c. A band
d. Z line
d. Z line
When does the myosin head move the actin forward?
a. when the ATP binds
b. when the ATP is hydrolyzed
c. when the ADP is released
c. when the ADP is released
A medical student tries and fails to lift his 50Kg backbag from the ground. What type of contraction is this an example of?
a. isometric
b. isotonic
a. isometric
Describe the relationship between actin-myosin overlap and contraction force?
a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional
a. directly proportional
Walking is what type of contraction?
a. isometric
b. isotonic
b. isotonic
Describe the relationship between the velocity of contraction and the muscle load?
a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional
b. inversely proportional
Which of the following cells have a resting potential of zero?
a. muscle cells
b. neurons
c. dead cells
c. dead cells
Which of the following molecules have no leak channels?
a. K+
b. Na+
b. Na+
What is used to counter the high potassium concentration in the cell?
negatively charged chloride ions and negatively charged proteins
Which of the following plays the biggest role in resting potential?
a. K+ potential
b. Na+ potential
c. Cl- potential
a. K+ potential
How do action potentials translate information?
a. amplitude
b. frequency
b. frequency
What determines the maximum frequency of a cell?
a. failed initiations
b. threshold
c. refractory period
d. resting state
c. refractory period
Which is open in a resting cell?
a. activation gate
b. inactivation gate
b. inactivation gate
Which is open in an inactivated cell?
a. activation gate
b. inactivation gate
a. activation gate
describe the action potential of a nerve cell?
unidirectional
Which helps spread the action potential in muscle cells?
a. sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. t tubule
c. myofibrils
b. t tubule
Where does a calcium influx NOT cause activation?
a. skeletal muscle
b. neurons
a. skeletal muscle
Which of the following use calcium from the extracellular space?
a. skeletal muscle
b. neurons
c. heart muscle
c. heart muscle
Which of the following act to maintain Ca in SR?
a. DHPR
b. SERCA
c. RYR
b. SERCA
What calcium removing pump doesn’t need ATP?
MCU: mitochondrial Ca+2 uniporter
Describe the relationship between leak channels and resting potential?
a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional
a. directly proportional
Which of the following has type 2 Ryanodine receptor (RDR)?
a. skeletal muscle
b. neurons
c. heart muscle
c. heart muscle
What is calsequestrin and what does it do?
its a Ca binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and it basically holds on to calcium ions to keep it in the SR longer (SERCA also maintains Ca in SR!)
What does the dense bar do?
align the vesicles at the presynaptic membrane
How does acetylcholine reach the muscle membrane if acetylcholinesterases exist in the space?
diffusion to the muscle membrane occurs faster than the enzyme can stop them
What do T tubules look like when looking at it from a normal microscope?
a gutter (a synaptic gutter)
What puts acetyl and choline back together?
a. acetylcholinesterases
b. choline acetyltransferase
b. choline acetyltransferase
How many agonists does it take to fully open a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?
4
What causes massive exocytosis?
a. Methacholine
b. Muscarine
c. Carbachol
d. Nicotine
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
What causes muscle cramps by increasing intracellular Ca?
a. Methacholine
b. Muscarine
c. Carbachol
d. Nicotine
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Muscarine
What of the following is acetylcholine receptor independent?
a. Methacholine
b. Muscarine
c. Carbachol
d. Nicotine
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
What of the following is a permanent blocker of acetylcholine receptors?
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Bungarotoxin
c. D-tubocurarine
d. Botulinum toxin
b. Bungarotoxin
What of the following is derived from clostridium spp. (an anaerobic bacteria)?
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Bungarotoxin
c. Carbachol
d. Botulinum toxin
e. D-tubocurarine
d. Botulinum toxin
What of the following activates RYR receptors and stops endocytosis?
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Bungarotoxin
c. Carbachol
d. Botulinum toxin
e. D-tubocurarine
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
What of the following is a temporary blocker of acetylcholine receptors?
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Bungarotoxin
c. Carbachol
d. Botulinum toxin
e. D-tubocurarine
e. D-tubocurarine
What of the following is from Krait snakes?
a. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. Bungarotoxin
c. Carbachol
d. Botulinum toxin
e. D-tubocurarine
b. Bungarotoxin
Which endocytosis type occurs when staurosporine is taken?
a. kiss and run
b. bulk endocytosis
c. classic
a. kiss and run
Which TWO make up the snare?
a. dynamin
b. clathrin
c. synapsin
d. syntaxin
e. synaptobrevin
f. synaptotagmin
d. syntaxin
&
e. synaptobrevin (VAMP)
Which endocytosis type uses the least energy?
a. kiss and run
b. bulk endocytosis
c. classic
a. kiss and run
Which of the following holds vesicles together?
a. dynamin
b. clathrin
c. synapsin
d. syntaxin
e. synaptobrevin
f. synaptotagmin
c. synapsin
Which of the following triggers the fusion of the vesicle to the plasma membrane?
a. dynamin
b. clathrin
c. synapsin
d. syntaxin
e. synaptobrevin
f. synaptotagmin
f. synaptotagmin
Which of the following cuts vesicles to be endocytosed?
a. dynamin
b. clathrin
c. synapsin
d. syntaxin
e. synaptobrevin
f. synaptotagmin
a. dynamin
What helps the syntaxin to synaptobrevin connection?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. SNARE
d. Neurexin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
b. SNAP-25
What helps synaptotagmin trigger vesicle fusion?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. Botulinum toxin
d. Neurexin
d. Neurexin
What TWO toxins deactivate the Snare complex?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. Botulinum toxin
d. Neurexin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
a. Tetanus toxin
&
c. Botulinum toxin
Which of the following stimulates Ca+2 dependent exocytosis?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. Botulinum toxin
d. Neurexin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
Which of the following is activated by Alpha-latrotoxin?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. Botulinum toxin
d. Neurexin
d. Neurexin
Which of the following docking proteins is in the plasma membrane side?
a. synaptobrevin
b. synaptotagmin
c. synapsin
d. syntaxin
d. syntaxin
it helps both synaptobrevin and synaptotagmin dock
Which of the following blocks exocytosis by cleaving docking proteins?
a. Tetanus toxin
b. SNAP-25
c. Botulinum toxin
d. Neurexin
e. Alpha-latrotoxin
c. Botulinum toxin
Which muscle action potential is longer?
a. skeletal muscle
b. motoneuron
c. cardiac ventricle
c. cardiac ventricle
What pattern does an EMG of a bicep contraction look like?
spindle shaped
What’s true about the duration of contraction?
a. it’s constant throughout all muscles
b. it increases as the size of the muscle increases
c. it decreases as the size of the muscle increases
b. it increases as the size of the muscle increases
What’s true about the duration of depolarization?
a. it’s constant throughout all muscles
b. it increases as the size of the muscle increases
c. it decreases as the size of the muscle increases
a. it’s constant throughout all muscles
Which muscle has the shortest contraction time?
a. soleus
b. gastrocnemius
c. ocular muscle
c. ocular muscle
What’s true about tetanization?
a. power is increasing linearly
b. power is increasing non-linearly
b. power is increasing non-linearly
What’s true about tetanization?
a. the higher the frequency the smoother plateau phase
b. the lower the frequency the smoother plateau phase
a. the higher the frequency the smoother plateau phase
Which part of the action potential do you use to measure latency?
a. onset
b. amplitude
d. recovery period
a. onset
its the most consistent, the peak/amplitude varies based on the number of motor units
What is the patient not allowed to do for 24 hours before an EMG test?
a. drink water
b. exercise
c. use lotion
d. breathe
c. use lotion
How do you calculate the nerve conduction velocity?
distance/time
diffrence between stimulation points)/(difference between latencies
