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gi tract - year one > physiology of the small intestine and accessory organs > Flashcards

physiology of the small intestine and accessory organs Flashcards

1
Q

types of cells in pancreas

A

exocrine (99%)
endocrine (1%)

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2
Q

what do exocrine cells do in pancreas

A
  • accessory organ to digestion
  • secretion of enzyme rich fluid into duodenum
  • breaks down digestible food
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3
Q

what do endocrine cells do in pancreas

A
  • release of hormones into bloodstream that affect carbohydrate metabolism
    (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)
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4
Q

what type of structure is the pancreas

A

similar to salivary glands

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5
Q

what to acinar cells do in pancreas

A

secrete enzymes and fluid into the duct system

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6
Q

what does the pancreatic duct do

A

it fuses with bile duct on entry to duodenum

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7
Q

what controls composition of pancreatic juice

A

local nerves and hormones

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8
Q

what is the composition of pancreatic juice

A
  • aqueous component
  • enzymatic component
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9
Q

why is the pancreas a very dangerous organ to injure

A

due to the potency of its enzyme contents

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10
Q

how much of the aqueous component is secreted each day (pancreas)

A

200-800ml

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11
Q

what is the aqueous component rich in

A

bicarbonate (pH 8)

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12
Q

what does the aqueous component do

A

helps to neutralise acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum

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13
Q

what stimulates the secretion of the aqueous component

A

secretin

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14
Q

what makes up the enzymatic component (pancreas)

A
  • proteolytic enzymes
  • pancreatic amylase
  • lipolytic enzymes
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15
Q

what do proteolytic enzymes do in pancreas

A

divide peptides

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16
Q

what does pancreatic amylase do

A

breaks down starch

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17
Q

what does lipolytic enzymes do in pancreas

A

digest fat

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18
Q

examples of proteolytic enzymes in pancreas

A

trypsin, chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases

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19
Q

what and where is proteolytic enzymes activated

A

activated in duodenum by enterokinase

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20
Q

what would happen if proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas were secreted in active forms

A

auto degradation of the pancreas may occur

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21
Q

is pancreatic amylase secreted in active or inactive form

A

active

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22
Q

example of lipolytic enzyme in pancreas

A

lipase

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23
Q

is lipase secreted in active or inactive form

A

inactive

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24
Q

what and where is lipase activated in the pancreas

A

activated by trypsin in the duodenum

25
Q

what controls pancreatic secretions

A

nervous and hormonal control

26
Q

what happens in the cephalic phase (pancreatic secretions)

A

nervous reflex involves medulla and vagal innervation

27
Q

what happens in the gastric phase (pancreatic secretions)

A

gastrin released in response to stomach distension

28
Q

what happens in the intestinal phase (pancreatic secretions)

A

secretin and CCK is secreted by mucosa in response to presence of chyme in duodenum

29
Q

what is secretin

A

bicarbonate rich aqueous juice

30
Q

what is CCK

A

enzymatic juice

31
Q

what is pancreatitis

A

pancreatic enzymes are activated within the pancreas, causing them to attack the pancreas itself

32
Q

what are the two forms of pancreatitis

A

acute and chronic

33
Q

when does acute pancreatitis become chronic

A

when pancreatic tissue is destroyed and scarring develops

34
Q

what causes pancreatitis

A

gallstones
alcohol abuse
unknown causes

35
Q

how to treat pancreatitis

A

pain and infection management
electrolyte therapy
surgical intervention (in severe cases)

36
Q

where is the liver

A

lies in abdomen under diaphragm

37
Q

what % of the total blood supply does the liver hold

A

13%

38
Q

what are some functions of the liver

A
  • processing digested food from intestine
  • manufacture of bile
  • storage
  • metabolism
39
Q

how does the liver help in storage

A

it converts excess monosaccharides to glycogen

stores iron, vitamins and other essential chemicals

40
Q

how does the liver work for metabolism

A

breaks down stored glycogen, fat or protein to glucose (hormone control)

metabolises drugs and breaks down poisons

bactericidal activity

41
Q

how are hepatic (liver) cells arranged

A

in radial pattern around central vein

42
Q

what do hepatocytes make up

A

functional units called lobules

43
Q

what do lobules form

A

lobes of liver (two main lobes)

44
Q

how does the liver receive blood

A

receives oxygenated blood from hepatic artery

receives deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from portal vein

45
Q

what do hepatic cells do

A
  • extract oxygen and most nutrients
  • detoxify or store poisons and drugs
  • secrete products (not bile) into hepatic vein
46
Q

what are the characteristics of bile

A

excretory product of liver metabolism

a digestive secretion

47
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsify fat into small droplets

48
Q

what makes bile cholesterol soluble

A

bile salts

49
Q

what does bile pigments do

A

give urine and faeces their colour
absorbed from blood

50
Q

what do the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts secrete

A

bicarbonate ions which neutralise acid chyme

51
Q

what increases secretion from the liver

A

vagal stimulation and secretin

52
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

stores and concentrates bile by extracting water and ions

can lead to increased insoluble cholesterol levels

53
Q

how does bile enter the gall bladder

A

by the cystic duct when the small intestine is empty

54
Q

when does ejection of bile into the duodenum occur

A

when protein or fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum, causes CCK release

55
Q

what does the CCK cause the gallbladder to do

A

contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax, allowing bile to enter the duodenum

56
Q

what are gallstones

A

crystalline deposits that accumulate when there is too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts

57
Q

how to treat gallstones

A

they can be dissolved

if they are severe the gall bladder can be removed

58
Q

why is jaundice a symptom of gallstones

A
  • stones can block the common bile duct
  • increased levels of bilirubin in blood plasma
  • discolouration of skin

gi tract - year one (25 decks)

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