physiology of the small intestine and accessory organs

Question 1

types of cells in pancreas

Answer 1

exocrine (99%)
endocrine (1%)

Question 2

what do exocrine cells do in pancreas

Answer 2

• secretion of enzyme rich fluid into duodenum
• breaks down digestible food

Question 3

what do endocrine cells do in pancreas

Answer 3

• release of hormones into bloodstream that affect carbohydrate metabolism
  (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

Question 4

what type of structure is the pancreas

Answer 4

similar to salivary glands

Question 5

what to acinar cells do in pancreas

Answer 5

secrete enzymes and fluid into the duct system

Question 6

what does the pancreatic duct fuse with

Answer 6

the bile duct on entry to duodenum

Question 7

what controls composition of pancreatic juice

Answer 7

local nerves and hormones

Question 8

what is the composition of pancreatic juice

Answer 8

• aqueous component
• enzymatic component

Question 9

why is the pancreas a very dangerous organ to injure

Answer 9

due to the potency of its enzyme contents

Question 10

how much of the aqueous component is secreted each day (pancreas)

Answer 10

200-800ml

Question 11

what is the aqueous component rich in

Answer 11

bicarbonate (pH 8)

Question 12

what does the aqueous component do

Answer 12

helps to neutralise acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum

Question 13

what stimulates the secretion of the aqueous component

Answer 13

secretin

Question 14

what makes up the enzymatic component (pancreas)

Answer 14

• proteolytic enzymes
• pancreatic amylase
• lipolytic enzymes

Question 15

what do proteolytic enzymes do in pancreas

Answer 15

breakdown proteins

Question 16

what does pancreatic amylase do

Answer 16

breaks down starch

Question 17

what does lipolytic enzymes do in pancreas

Answer 17

digest fat

Question 18

examples of proteolytic enzymes in pancreas

Answer 18

trypsin, chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases

Question 19

what and where is proteolytic enzymes activated

Answer 19

activated in duodenum by enterokinase

Question 20

what would happen if proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas were secreted in active forms

Answer 20

auto degradation of the pancreas may occur

Question 21

is pancreatic amylase secreted in active or inactive form

Answer 21

active

Question 22

example of lipolytic enzyme in pancreas

Answer 22

lipase

Question 23

is lipase secreted in active or inactive form

Answer 23

inactive

Question 24

what and where is lipase activated in the pancreas

Answer 24

activated by trypsin in the duodenum

Question 25

what controls pancreatic secretions

Answer 25

nervous and hormonal control

Question 26

what happens in the cephalic phase (pancreatic secretions)

Answer 26

nervous reflex involves medulla and vagal innervation

Question 27

what happens in the gastric phase (pancreatic secretions)

Answer 27

gastrin released in response to stomach distension

Question 28

what happens in the intestinal phase (pancreatic secretions)

Answer 28

secretin and CCK is secreted by mucosa in response to presence of chyme in duodenum

Question 29

what is secretin

Answer 29

bicarbonate rich aqueous juice

Question 30

what is CCK

Answer 30

enzymatic juice

Question 31

what is pancreatitis

Answer 31

pancreatic enzymes are activated within the pancreas, causing them to attack the pancreas itself

Question 32

what are the two forms of pancreatitis

Answer 32

acute and chronic

Question 33

when does acute pancreatitis become chronic

Answer 33

when pancreatic tissue is destroyed and scarring develops

Question 34

what causes pancreatitis

Answer 34

gallstones alcohol abuse unknown causes

Question 35

how to treat pancreatitis

Answer 35

pain and infection management electrolyte therapy surgical intervention (in severe cases)

Question 36

where is the liver

Answer 36

lies in abdomen under diaphragm

Question 37

what % of the total blood supply does the liver hold

Answer 37

13%

Question 38

what are some functions of the liver

Answer 38

- processing digested food from intestine - manufacture of bile - storage - metabolism

Question 39

how does the liver help in storage

Answer 39

it converts excess monosaccharides to glycogen stores iron, vitamins and other essential chemicals

Question 40

how does the liver work for metabolism

Answer 40

breaks down stored glycogen, fat or protein to glucose (hormone control) metabolises drugs and breaks down poisons bactericidal activity

Question 41

how are hepatic (liver) cells arranged

Answer 41

in radial pattern around central vein

Question 42

what do hepatocytes make up

Answer 42

functional units called lobules

Question 43

what do lobules form

Answer 43

lobes of liver (two main lobes)

Question 44

how does the liver receive blood

Answer 44

receives oxygenated blood from hepatic artery receives deoxygenated, nutrient rich blood from portal vein

Question 45

what do hepatic cells do

Answer 45

- extract oxygen and most nutrients - detoxify or store poisons and drugs - secrete products (not bile) into hepatic vein

Question 46

what are the characteristics of bile

Answer 46

excretory product of liver metabolism a digestive secretion

Question 47

what do bile salts do

Answer 47

emulsify fat into small droplets

Question 48

what makes bile cholesterol soluble

Answer 48

bile salts

Question 49

what does bile pigments do

Answer 49

give urine and faeces their colour absorbed from blood

Question 50

what do the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts secrete

Answer 50

bicarbonate ions which neutralise acid chyme

Question 51

what increases secretion from the liver

Answer 51

vagal stimulation and secretin

Question 52

what does the gallbladder do

Answer 52

stores and concentrates bile by extracting water and ions can lead to increased insoluble cholesterol levels

Question 53

how does bile enter the gall bladder

Answer 53

by the cystic duct when the small intestine is empty

Question 54

when does ejection of bile into the duodenum occur

Answer 54

when protein or fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum, causes CCK release

Question 55

what does the CCK cause the gallbladder to do

Answer 55

contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax, allowing bile to enter the duodenum

Question 56

what are gallstones

Answer 56

crystalline deposits that accumulate when there is too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts

Question 57

how to treat gallstones

Answer 57

they can be dissolved if they are severe the gall bladder can be removed

Question 58

why is jaundice a symptom of gallstones

Answer 58

- stones can block the common bile duct - increased levels of bilirubin in blood plasma - discolouration of skin