oral powders and tablets Flashcards

1
Q

how are tablet forms more convenient for the manufacturer

A
  • more stable than liquid
  • easy to scale up
  • versatile machinery
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2
Q

why are tablets convenient for the patient

A
  • accurate dosage
  • easy to take
  • easy to carry
  • release rate can be controlled
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3
Q

what has to happen to products with low flowability before they can be made into tablets

A

they have to go through the granulation process

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4
Q

what are excipients

A

they are pharmacologically inert materials that are added to pharmaceutical dosage characteristics.

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5
Q

can excipients affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient

A

they might

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6
Q

can excipients be swapped around

A

no, they are biologically inert

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7
Q

what does bio inert mean

A

it doesn’t invoke a response or interact with biological tissue

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8
Q

what are fillers (aka dilutents) used for

A

to add the necessary bulk

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9
Q

what is the min weight a tablet must be

A

over 50mg

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10
Q

common water soluble fillers

A

lactose
glucose
mannitol

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11
Q

common water insoluble fillers

A

cellulose

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12
Q

what do binders (aka adhesions) do

A

promote adhesion of the particles

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13
Q

examples of solution binders

A
  • starch
  • sucrose
  • gelatin
  • PVP
  • cellulose derivatives
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14
Q

dry binder examples

A

microcrystalline cellulose

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15
Q

what do glidants do

A

they improve flowability and reduce friction between particles

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16
Q

glidant examples

A
  • colloidal silica
  • talc
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17
Q

what do lubricants do

A

they reduce the friction between the particles and the die wall and makes sure they don’t stick during compression process

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18
Q

examples of lubricants

A
  • fluid lubricant
  • magnesium stearate
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19
Q

how does magnesium stearate work

A

it has a hydrophobic tail which coats the particles and makes sure they don’t stick to surfaces

20
Q

can magnesium stearate change the properties of a tablet

A

yes and can make it take longer for them to dissolve

21
Q

what do disintegrants do

A

they promote breakage into smaller particles after administration

22
Q

examples of disintegrants

23
Q

how do disintegrants work

A

they expand when exposed to water and pushes the tablet apart

24
Q

other excipients

A
  • colourants
  • flavouring agents
  • sorbents
25
what are sorbents
compounds which absorb water meaning it prevents hydrolysis or delays it
26
what are the three steps of tablet formation
1. filling 2. compression 3. ejection
27
what happens on decompression when using elastic material compared to plastic
elastic material will expand whereas plastic material will not
28
what effect does compression have on the content
- pores number decreases - pores size decreases - mechanical strength of the compressed mass increases - tendency of the compressed mass to disaggregate decreases
29
what happens during compression
1. repacking of particles 2. elastic or plastic deformations 3. powder or granule fragmentation and formation of new surfaces 4. cohesion between particles 5. elastic or plastic deformation of the solid mass 6. tablet ejection
30
advantages of uncoated tablets
they're cheap and easy to make
31
advantages of coated tablets
easy to swallow
32
what do effervescent tablets contain
bicarbonate and citrate to dissolve
33
advantages of modified release tablets
they control how and at what rate disintegration occurs
34
what are the types of tablet coatings
- sugar coating - film coating - press coating
35
what are the steps to sugar coating
1. sealing of tablet cores 2. subcoating 3. smoothing 4. colouring 5. polishing 6. printing (optional step)
36
advantages of film coating to sugar coating
1. less volume increase 2. better stability of the tablet 3. better mechanical strength 4. one step process
37
what does coating suspension contain
1. polymer, ethers of cellulose, other polymers 2. plasticisers (PEG, oils) 3. colourants (iron exide etc) 4. solvents (used to be organic, now usually water)
38
what is a gastro-resistant coating
a polymer coating that disintegrates/dissolves at a pre-determined trigger
39
why would a gastro-resistant coating be used
some drugs dissolve too quickly in the stomach and patients can't actually get the drug
40
advantages of gastro-resistant coating
1. protect stomach from drug (NSAIDS) 2. protect acid sensitive drugs
41
how does gastro-resistant coating work
carboxylic acids at low pH are unionised, when pH increases they become ionised and being to dissolve
42
why can't you crush gastro-resistant coating drugs
it removes the enteric coating and the drug will dissolve fully in the stomach
43
challenges of gastro-resistant drug
the pH of the GI tract is not always predictable
44
what is colonic targeting used for
to ensure drug breaks down in the colon
45
how does colonic targeting coating work
bacteria in the gut breaks down the coating and allows the tablet to break down
46
challenges in colonic targeting coating
if the patient has issues with their gut microbiome, the bacteria needed to break down the tablet may not be there
47
examples of ingredients in colonic targeting coating
ethylcellulose, resistant starches