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gi tract - year one > physiology of small intestine & accessory organs 2 > Flashcards

physiology of small intestine & accessory organs 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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2
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
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3
Q

what does the mucosa secrete

A
  • maltase and sucrase
  • end and exopeptidase
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4
Q

what does the submucosa secrete

A

mucous to
- protect intestinal wall
- neutralise acidic chyme

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5
Q

what do both the submucosa and mucosa secrete

A

ions, water and mucous for lubrication and protection from enzymes

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6
Q

what is the function of villi

A
  • folds of mucosa & submucosa increase surface area
  • microvilli increase surface area further
  • transport of nutrients
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7
Q

what does each villus have

A
  • arteriole
  • capillary bed
  • venule
  • lymphatic
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8
Q

what is in intestinal juices

A

water
mucous
enzymes

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9
Q

what stimulates and regulates secretion of intestinal juices

A
  • stimulated by presence of chyme
  • regulated by CCK and secretin
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10
Q

what starts the chemical digestion process

A

salivary amylase
stomach pepsin

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11
Q

what allows digestive process to be complete in small intestine

A

combined actions of
- pancreatic juice
- bile
- intestinal juice

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12
Q

what converts starch to disaccharides

A

pancreatic amylase

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13
Q

what converts disaccharides to monosaccarides

A

glycosidase

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14
Q

can monosaccharides be absorbed

A

yes

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15
Q

what catabolises polypeptides arriving from stomach

A

pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin

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16
Q

what completes digestion of proteins

A

peptidases released from glandular epithelium

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17
Q

where is most fat absorbed

A

jejunum

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18
Q

how do peptidases cleave peptides

A
  • carboxypeptidases act at “carboxyl” end
  • aminopeptidases act at “amino” end
  • dipeptidases convert dipeptides to amino acids
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19
Q

how does bile help digest fat

A

fat globules in duodenum are coated with bile salts to create emulsion and disperse large fat globules into smaller entities.

20
Q

what does emulsification allow in digestion of fats

A

breakdown of triglycerides by increasing the surface area for water soluble pancreatic lipases to act upon and produce monoglycerides and free fatty acids.

21
Q

what is absorption in the small intestine

A

the process by which digestion products are transported across epithelial cells and into blood

22
Q

where does almost all absorption occur

A

in the small intestine

23
Q

how does general absorption through intestinal mucosa occur

A

active transport
diffusion

24
Q

what are carbohydrates broken into in small intestine

A

monosaccharides

25
Q

what are proteins broken into in small intestine

A

peptides and amino acids

26
Q

what are fats broken into in small intestine

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acids

27
Q

how are glucose and galactose (monosaccharides) absorbed

A
  • absorbed into epithelial cell by co-transport with Na+ via sodium-glucose transporters
28
Q

how do glucose and galactose (monosaccharides) enter blood

A

leave epithelial cell and enter blood by facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUTs)

29
Q

how is fructose (monosaccharides) absorbed

A

absorbed into and leave cells by facilitated diffusion via GLUTs

30
Q

how are peptides absorbed into small intestine

A
  • uptake into epithelial cell thought to be linked to H+ influx
  • broken down to constituent amino acids inside epithelial cell
31
Q

how are amino acids absorbed into small intestine

A
  • uptake into epithelial cells by Na+-dependent co-transport (active)
  • leave epithelial cell by facilitated diffusion
32
Q

how are fats absorbed

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acids associate with bile salts to form micelles/emulsion and diffuse passively into cells

33
Q

where do bile salts remain after fats are absorbed

A

remains in lumen of gut then re-cycled by enterohepatic circulation

34
Q

where do lipids accumulate and how do they leave

A

lipids accumulate in the vesicles of the smooth ER epithelial cell

they leave the cell by fusing with the plasma membrane.

35
Q

how do chylomicrons leave the intestine

A

in lymph since they are too large to enter the circulation immediately.
they are eventually delivered into venous circulation

36
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

absorbs nutrients, electrolytes, fluid and protein from interstitial spaces.
chylomicrons too large to enter capillaries but lacteals have large pores.

removal of haemorrhaged red blood cells from tissue and invading bacteria

37
Q

what are lymphatic vessels of the small intestine called

A

lacteals

38
Q

what does the intestine act as to the lymphatic system

A

a lymphoid organ in addition to its absorptive role

39
Q

where can lymphatic tissue be seen

A

close to epithelial surface and as large aggregates

40
Q

does the lymphatic pathway cross the liver

A

no, allows nutrients/drugs are delivered into the systemic circulation close to the heart

41
Q

can lymphatic system hold a large capacity

A

yes

42
Q

when would drugs get involved in the lymphatic system

A

is solubility of drugs in triglycerides is around 50mg/ml or more

43
Q

what allows lymphatic circulation

A

muscular movements of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics pushing lymph along by peristalsis

44
Q

where are electrolytes absorbed

A

along the intestine

45
Q

how must fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) be absorbed

A

in micelles (similar to fat)

46
Q

how are water soluble vitamins (B,C) involved

A

by diffusion

47
Q

how is vitamin B12 absorbed

A

it requires presence of intrinsic factor which is produces by stomach

gi tract - year one (25 decks)

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