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gi tract - year one > electrolytes > Flashcards

electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are electrolytes

A

minerals in the body that have an electric charge

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2
Q

where are electrolytes found

A

in blood, urine, tissues and other bodily fluids

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3
Q

what do they do

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • ensure healthy functioning of nerves, muscles, heart and brain
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4
Q

how do electrolytes maintain homeostasis

A

by balancing water content and the body’s acid/base (pH) level

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5
Q

how are electrolytes obtained

A

from a balanced diet

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6
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a process that by which an organism keeps its internal environment relatively constant and different from its external environment to stay alive

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7
Q

is the concentrations of ions the same inside and out the cell

A

no

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8
Q

how is ion concentration maintained

A

the cell must import and export some substances

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9
Q

is sodium higher extracellularly or intracellularly

A

extracellularly

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10
Q

is potassium higher extracellularly or intracellularly

A

intracellularly

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11
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a selectively permeable barrier between the extracellular environment and the cytosol

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12
Q

what determines distribution between intra- and extra-VASCULAR components

A

it is determined osmotically by proteins

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13
Q

what determines the distribution between intra- and extra-CELLULAR components

A

electrolytes

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14
Q

is fluid output and input ideally balanced or unbalanced

A

balanced

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15
Q

where is renin produced

A

in the kidneys

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16
Q

what is renin produced in response to

A

sympathetic stimulation and altered blood flow

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17
Q

what does renin do

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

18
Q

what is angiotensin I converted to

A

its converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by enzyme ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

19
Q

what does the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II stimulate

A

the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

20
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

it activates the pump in the distal renal tubule which leads to reabsorption of Na+ and water from the urine in exchange for K+ and H+ ions

21
Q

what mainly controls water balance

A

Na+

22
Q

what does increased plasma (Na+) cause

A

thirst which causes release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

23
Q

where is the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced from

A

the posterior pituitary

24
Q

what does release of ADH cause

A

it increases the passive water reabsorption from renal collecting ducts

25
Q

where does ion transport go on

A
  • acid secretion in stomach
  • absorption in GI tract
  • muscle function (skeletal vs smooth muscle)
  • neuronal function
  • renal-hepatic system
26
Q

what happens in the body when there is low body sodium

A

cellular over-hydration

confusion, fits

27
Q

what happens in the body when there is high body sodium

A

cellular dehydration

thirst, confusion, coma

28
Q

what happens in the body when there is water deficiency

A
  • hypotension
  • low pulse volume
  • decreased skin turgor
  • peripheral vasoconstriction
  • tachycardia
  • raised plasma protein
  • uraemia
29
Q

what causes dehydration

A

when your body loses more fluid than you take in

30
Q

what happens when the normal water content in the body is reduced

A

it upsets the balance of minerals (salts and sugar) in your body, which impacts the way it functions

31
Q

what makes up two thirds of the human body

A

water

32
Q

what does water do in the body

A
  • it lubricates the joints and eyes
  • aids digestion
  • flushes out waste
  • keeps skin healthy
33
Q

what are some of the early warning signs of dehydration

A
  • feeling thirsty
  • light headed
  • dark coloured, strong smelling urine
  • passing urine less than usual
34
Q

dehydration signs in babies

A
  • sunken soft spot
  • have few or no tears when crying
  • fewer wet nappies
  • are drowsy
35
Q

when should GP be consulted for dehydration in infants under 1

A

asap

36
Q

should infants under 1 be given oral rehydration solutions

A

if the GP tells you to

37
Q

why is it important to not give too much solely water to infants for dehydration

A

it may exacerbate the problem by diluting electrolytes/minerals further

give squash/oral rehydration solutions in small amounts as recommended

38
Q

side effects of Senna (laxative)

A
  • watery diarrhoea with excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes
  • muscle weakness
  • weight loss
  • malabsorption & bowel issues
  • heart problems
  • kidney problems
  • red or yellow colour of faeces and urine
39
Q

what effect does peppermint oil have

A

a laxative effect and limited studies show relief of IBS symptoms

40
Q

what does peppermint oil do

A
  • restores gut transit
  • purported mechanism of action against TRPM8, a cold sensing Na+/Ca2+ channel
  • reduces activity of pain sensing fibres in GI tract

gi tract - year one (25 decks)

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