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ENT Lectures > Physiology of taste and smell > Flashcards

Physiology of taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of receptors are the receptors for taste and smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

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2
Q

What does stimulation of taste and smell receptors induce?

A

A pleasurable or objectionable sensation

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3
Q

What does taste and smell provide?

A

A checkpoint for quality control

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4
Q

What does taste and smell influence?

A

The flow of digestive juice

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5
Q

What infleunces taste perception?

A

Information from smell receptors

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6
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

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7
Q

How are sensory receptor cells of taste mainly packaged?

A

In taste buds

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8
Q

What are the sense organs of taste?

A

Taste buds

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9
Q

What does a taste bud consist of?

A

Sensory receptor cells and support cells

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10
Q

How are taste bud cells arranged?

A

Like slices of orange

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11
Q

What is the life span of taste receptor cells?

A

10 days

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12
Q

What replaces basal cells within the taste buds?

A

Taste receptor cells

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13
Q

What do taste receptor cells synapse with?

A

Afferent nerve fibres

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14
Q

Where are taste buds mainly present?

A

Tongue
Palate
Epiglottis
Pharynx

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15
Q

Where do the majority of taste buds sit in the tongue?

A

In the papillae

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16
Q

What are papillae?

A

Finger-like structures which give rise tot the rough appearance of the dorsum of the tongue

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17
Q

How many types of papillae are there?

A

4

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae?

A

Filliform
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

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19
Q

Which 3 papillae contain taste buds?

A

Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

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20
Q

What does the binding of tastant (taste provoking chemicals) do the the cell?

A

Alters cell ionic channels and produces depolarising receptor potential

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21
Q

What does the receptor potential initiate?

A

Action potentials in afferent nerve fibres which synapse with receptor cells

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22
Q

How are signals conveyed?

A

By cranial nerves via brainstem and thalamus to cortcal gustatory areas

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23
Q

How do afferent taste fibres reach the brain stem?

A

VIIth - anterior 2/3rds of tongue
IXth - Posterior third of tongue
Xth - Epiglottis and pharynx

24
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A 
Salty
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Unami
25
Q

What stimulates salty taste?

A

NaCL

26
Q

What stimulated sour taste?

A

Acids containing free hydrogen ions

27
Q

What stimulated sweet taste?

A

Glucose

28
Q

What stimulates bitter taste?

A

Diverse group of tastants

29
Q

What triggers unami flavour?

A

Amino acids

Especially glutamate

30
Q

What is ageusia?

A

Loss of taste function

31
Q

What can cause ageusia?

A

Nerve damage
Local inflammation
Some endocrine disorders

32
Q

What is hypogeusia?

A

Reduced taste function

33
Q

What causes hypogeusia?

A

Chemotherapy

Medications

34
Q

What is Dysgeusia?

A

Distortion of taste function

35
Q

What can cause dysgeusia?

A 
Glossitis
Gum infections
Tooth decay
Reflux
URTI
Chemotherapy
Medications
Zinc deficiencies
36
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Act of smelling

37
Q

Where is olfactory mucosa found?

A

Patch of mucosa in the ceiling of the nasal cavity

38
Q

What are the 3 cell types in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

39
Q

What are olfactory receptors?

A

Specialised endings of renewable afferent neurons

40
Q

What are the characteristics of each neuron?

A

Thick short dendrite

Expanded end called an olfactory rod

41
Q

What project from the olfactory rods to the olfactory mucosa?

A

Cilia

42
Q

What are odorants?

A

Molecules that can be smelled

43
Q

What do odorants bind to?

A

Cilia

44
Q

What is the lifespan of an olfacotry receptor?

A

2 months

45
Q

What acts as precursors for new olfactory receptor cells?

A

Basal cells

46
Q

What forms afferent fibres of olfactory nerve?

A

Axons of olfactory receptors

47
Q

What transmits smell information to the brain?

A

Olfactory bulbs

48
Q

What is the path of the olfactory bulb neurons?

A

Along the olfactory tract to reach the temporal lobe and olfactory areas

49
Q

What does the act of sniffing enhance?

A

Smelling by drawing air currents upwards within the nasal cavity

50
Q

What must a substance be in order to be smelled?

A

Sufficiently volatile

Sufficiently water soluble

51
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Inability to smell

52
Q

Can anosmia be temporary?

A

yes

53
Q

What are some causes of anosmia?

A

Viral infections
Allergy
Nasal polyps
Head injury

54
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

Reduced ability to smell

55
Q

What may hyposmia be an early sign of?

A

Parkinsons disease

56
Q

What is dysosmia?

A

Altered sense of smell

57
Q

What are some examples of dysosomia?

A

Differently interpreting some odours

Hallucinations of smell

ENT Lectures (14 decks)

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