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ENT Lectures > ENT Pathology > Flashcards

ENT Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What lines the auditory meatus and external canal?

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

What does the epidermis contain?

A

Sebaceous and ceruminous glands

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3
Q

What lines the middle ear?

A

Columnar lined mucosA

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4
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Ossicles
Opening of eustachian tube
Mastoid cavity

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5
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

The cochlea

Vestibular apparatus

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6
Q

What type of epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?

A

Squamous

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7
Q

What type of epithelium coats the nose and sinus?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Seromucinous glands

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8
Q

What type of epithelium coats the throat?

A

Respiratory and squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What type of gland is the salivary gland?

A

Exocrine gland
Major and minor
Acinar component and ductular component

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10
Q

What stains darkly?

A

Serous cells

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11
Q

What stains grey?

A

Mucinous

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12
Q

Where are myoepithelial cells found?

A

Peripherally

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13
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

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14
Q

What is the main cause of otitis media?

A

Usually viral

Occasionally baterial

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15
Q

Where does cholesteatoma affect?

A

Superior posterior middle ear and/or petrous apex

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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma?

A

Chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

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17
Q

What is seen in pathology of cholesteatoma?

A

Abnormally situated squamous epithelium
High cell turnover
Abundant keratin production
Associated inflammation

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18
Q

What is vestibular schwannoma associated with?

A

Vestibular portion of CN 8

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19
Q

Where does vestibular schwannoma mostly occur?

A

Temporal bone and represent 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours

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20
Q

Are vestibular schwannomas usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

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21
Q

What is bilateral schwannomas associated with?

A

NF2

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22
Q

What can cause rhinitis/sinusitis?

A

Infection - common cold

Allergic - Hay fever

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23
Q

What can cause nasal polyps?

A 
Allergy
Infection
Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
Nickel exposure
Cystic fibrosis
24
Q

What are some benign tumours of the nose?

A

Squamous papillomas
Schneiderian papillomas
Angiofibromas

25
Q

What are some malignant lesions of the nose?

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma
Primary adenocarcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Neuroblastoma
Lymphoma
26
Q

Who gets schneiderian papilloma?

A

Over 50s

Males

27
Q

What are some risk factors for schneiderian papilloma?

A

HPV
Smoking
Organic solvents
Weldiing

28
Q

What are some symptoms of schneiderian papilloma?

A

Blocked nose

29
Q

What is seen in schneiderian papillomaa?

A

Inverted and oncocytic on lateral walls and paranasal sinuses, exophytic on nasal septum

30
Q

Who gets nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

A

Males>Females

31
Q

What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?

A

EBV

32
Q

What can cause laryngeal polyps?

A

Relative change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection and smoking
Hypothyroidism

33
Q

What is a contact ulcer?

A

Benign response to injury

34
Q

What can cause a contact ulcer?

A

Chronic throat clearing
Voice abuse
GORD
intubation

35
Q

What is a paraganglioma?

A

Tumour arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

36
Q

Are paragangliomas chromaffin positive?

A

Can be

37
Q

Who get paragangliomas?

A

> 50s

MEN2

38
Q

Where can SCCs occur?

A 
Head Neck
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
39
Q

What are risk factors for SCC?

A

Smoking

Alcohol

40
Q

What is the staging of SCC?

A

Larynx (glottic)
T1a - one vocal cord
T1b - both vocal cords
T2 - Extension into supra/subglottis
T3 - vocal cord fixation or extension into paraglottic space
T4a - thyroid cartilage, trachea, muscles of tongue
T4b - prevertebral space

41
Q

What are sialolithiasis?

A

Stones in the salivary glands

42
Q

What infections can occur in the salivary glands?

A

Paramyxovirus (mumos, bilateral parotitis)

43
Q

What gland is the common site for salivary gland tumours?

A

Parotis

44
Q

T/F tumours in samller glands are more likely to be malignant/

A

True

45
Q

What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?

A

Pleomorphic adenomas

46
Q

Who gets pleomorphic adenomas?

A

Femaes 40-60

47
Q

When do pleomorphic adenomas have a risk of malignant transformation?

A

If longstanding

48
Q

What is warthin’s tumour?

A

Second most common benign tumour of salivary glands

49
Q

Who gets warthin’s tumour?

A

Males >50

Smokers

50
Q

Is Warthin’s unilateral or bilateral?

A

Mostly bilateral

51
Q

What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the world and the UK?

A

World - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Uk - Adenoid cystic carcinoma

52
Q

Where is llikely for a mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

A

Parotid mostly

53
Q

Who gets adenoid cystic carcinoma?

A

> 40

54
Q

What is the 5 year surviival for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

A

35%

55
Q

What are some symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma?

A

Pain

Loss of function (of??)

ENT Lectures (14 decks)

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