ENT Pathology Flashcards
What lines the auditory meatus and external canal?
Epidermis
What does the epidermis contain?
Sebaceous and ceruminous glands
What lines the middle ear?
Columnar lined mucosA
What does the middle ear contain?
Ossicles
Opening of eustachian tube
Mastoid cavity
What does the inner ear contain?
The cochlea
Vestibular apparatus
What type of epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?
Squamous
What type of epithelium coats the nose and sinus?
Respiratory epithelium
Seromucinous glands
What type of epithelium coats the throat?
Respiratory and squamous epithelium
What type of gland is the salivary gland?
Exocrine gland
Major and minor
Acinar component and ductular component
What stains darkly?
Serous cells
What stains grey?
Mucinous
Where are myoepithelial cells found?
Peripherally
What is otitis media?
Inflammation of the middle ear
What is the main cause of otitis media?
Usually viral
Occasionally baterial
Where does cholesteatoma affect?
Superior posterior middle ear and/or petrous apex
What is the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma?
Chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane
What is seen in pathology of cholesteatoma?
Abnormally situated squamous epithelium
High cell turnover
Abundant keratin production
Associated inflammation
What is vestibular schwannoma associated with?
Vestibular portion of CN 8
Where does vestibular schwannoma mostly occur?
Temporal bone and represent 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours
Are vestibular schwannomas usually unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
What is bilateral schwannomas associated with?
NF2
What can cause rhinitis/sinusitis?
Infection - common cold
Allergic - Hay fever
What can cause nasal polyps?
Allergy Infection Asthma Aspirin sensitivity Nickel exposure Cystic fibrosis
What are some benign tumours of the nose?
Squamous papillomas
Schneiderian papillomas
Angiofibromas
What are some malignant lesions of the nose?
Squamous cell carcinoma Primary adenocarcinoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Neuroblastoma Lymphoma
Who gets schneiderian papilloma?
Over 50s
Males
What are some risk factors for schneiderian papilloma?
HPV
Smoking
Organic solvents
Weldiing
What are some symptoms of schneiderian papilloma?
Blocked nose
What is seen in schneiderian papillomaa?
Inverted and oncocytic on lateral walls and paranasal sinuses, exophytic on nasal septum
Who gets nasopharyngeal carcinomas?
Males>Females
What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?
EBV
What can cause laryngeal polyps?
Relative change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection and smoking
Hypothyroidism
What is a contact ulcer?
Benign response to injury
What can cause a contact ulcer?
Chronic throat clearing
Voice abuse
GORD
intubation
What is a paraganglioma?
Tumour arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells
Are paragangliomas chromaffin positive?
Can be
Who get paragangliomas?
> 50s
MEN2
Where can SCCs occur?
Head Neck Nose Sinuses Pharynx Larynx
What are risk factors for SCC?
Smoking
Alcohol
What is the staging of SCC?
Larynx (glottic)
T1a - one vocal cord
T1b - both vocal cords
T2 - Extension into supra/subglottis
T3 - vocal cord fixation or extension into paraglottic space
T4a - thyroid cartilage, trachea, muscles of tongue
T4b - prevertebral space
What are sialolithiasis?
Stones in the salivary glands
What infections can occur in the salivary glands?
Paramyxovirus (mumos, bilateral parotitis)
What gland is the common site for salivary gland tumours?
Parotis
T/F tumours in samller glands are more likely to be malignant/
True
What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?
Pleomorphic adenomas
Who gets pleomorphic adenomas?
Femaes 40-60
When do pleomorphic adenomas have a risk of malignant transformation?
If longstanding
What is warthin’s tumour?
Second most common benign tumour of salivary glands
Who gets warthin’s tumour?
Males >50
Smokers
Is Warthin’s unilateral or bilateral?
Mostly bilateral
What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the world and the UK?
World - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Uk - Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Where is llikely for a mucoepidermoid carcinoma?
Parotid mostly
Who gets adenoid cystic carcinoma?
> 40
What is the 5 year surviival for adenoid cystic carcinoma?
35%
What are some symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma?
Pain
Loss of function (of??)
