Anatomy of the palate and pharynx Flashcards
Where is the oral vestibule located?
Between the lips and teeth
What is the oral cavity?
Above the tongue
Below the palate
What is the oral cavity proper?
Bottom of tongue to palate
Where is the hyoid bone?
Level of C3
What does the frenulum connect?
Inferior surface of tongue to base of mouth?
What is the sublingual caruncle?
Bump on frenulum that is an opening for the submandibular glands
What innervates the geniohyoid?
C1 via hypoglossal nerve
What innervates the mylohyoid muscle?
CN V3
What are the 3 major salivary glands?
Parotid
Sub mandibular
Sub lingual
Where are the minor salivary glands found?
1000s in oral mucosa
What do the minor glands do?
Basal secretion
Keep mouth moist
What stimulates salivation?
Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
Painful oral conditions
Where does the parotid gland secrete into mouth?
By upper 2nd molar
Where does the submandibular gland secrete?
Via lingual caruncle
Where does the sublingual gland secrete via?
Several ducts superiorly
What can cause swelling of the glands?
Duct clogging/blockage
What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
CN IX
What cranial nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland and parasympathetic axons to submandibular?
CN VII
What supplies general sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of tongue?
Cn V3
What supplies taste the the ant 2/3rd of tongue?
CN VII
What supplies taste and sensation to post 1/3rd of tongue?
CN IX
What is the tongue made of?
Skeletal muscle
Covered in mucosa
Where does the thyroid originate?
In the pharynx
Where does the thyroid descend through?
Foramen caecum of tongue
Where can thyroglossal duct cysts occur?
Any position in the midline migratory path
What are the 4 muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
What supplies all tongue muscles except palatoglossus?
Hypoglossal nerve
What supplies the palatoglossus?
Vagus
What is the course of the hypoglossal nerve?
Through hypoglossal canal
Descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath
At level of hyoid bone as it passes anteriorly towards the lateral aspect of the tongue
Supplies most of the muscles of the tongue
How can CN XII be tested?
Ask patient to stick their tongue straight out
If both CN XIIs are functional the tongue tip remains in the midline
If unilateral damage to tongue tip will point towards the side of the injured nerve
Where do the arteries pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
Medial
Where do nerves pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
Lateral
Where does the hyoglossal nerve pass in relation to the loop of the lingual artery?
Lateral
How can the hard and soft palates be differentiated?
Colour
Soft palate has arches
Where are the tonsils found?
Between arches of soft palate
What bones make up the palate?
Palatine processes of maxillae
Palatine bone
Lateral and medial pterygoif plates of the sphenoid bone
What travels through the greater and lesser palantine foramen?
Branches of CN V2
Branches of maxillary artery
What does the pterygoid hamate do?
Acts as a hook for muscle pulleys
What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?
Tensor veli palatini Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Musulus uvulae Levator veli palatini
What supplies all soft palate muscles apart from TVP?
Vagus
What supplies TVP?
CN V3
What is the function of TVP?
Tenses palatine aponeurosis
What is the function of LVP?
Lifts palatine aponeurosis
What is the function of musculus uvulae?
Shortens uvula
What is the function of platoglossus?
Brings tongue and soft palate together
What is the function of palatopharyngeus?
Lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage
What is the dunction of the soft palate?
Trapdoor
stops food entering the nose during swallowing
Directs air into the nose or mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing or vomiting
Helps to close of the entrance into the oropharynx during the gag reflex
How is the vagus nerve tested?
Ask patient to say ahh
If nerves are functioning normally the uvuala should lift straight up in the midline
If there in unilateral damage the uvula will be pulled away from the non-functioning side
How many muscles makes up the pharynx?
6
What are the muscles in the outer circular layer?
3 constrictor muscles
Voluntary
What are the muscles in the inner longitudinal layer?
3 paired vertical muscles
Skeletal (voluntary)
What is the function of the outer circular muscles?
During sequential contraction, pushes food bolus inferiorly towards oesophagus
What is the function of the inner L muscles?
Pulls larynx up
Shortens pharynx
What supplies the muscles of the pharynx?
CNX
except Cn IX for stylopharyngeus
What is found in the superior pharynx?
Pterygoid hamulus
Pterygomandibular raphe
Myloyoid line
What is found in the middle of the pharynx?
Greater horn of hyoid
What is found in the inferior pharynx?
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
What is the midline raphe?
Connection of pharynx muscles
What contributes tot he pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX, X
Maybe insert a diagram of the pharynx muscles
Cool cool
What are the longitudinal muscles?
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salingopharyngeus
Where do all longitudinal muscles insert?
Posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
What is the function of the longitudinal muscles?
Elevate pahrynx and larynx
What longitudinal muscles are supplied by CN X?
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
What are 5 features of the nasopharynx?
Choanae Torus tubaris Pharyngeal recess Salpingopharyngeal fold Opening for eustachian tube
What are 4 features of the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsil
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
Lingual tonsil
What are 2 features of the laryngopharynx?
Laryngeal aditius
Pirifrom fossa
What is the function of Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
Defence against invading pathogens
Where is waldeyer’s tonsillar ring found?
Within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx
What are the names of the tonsils?
Palatine
Pharyngeal
Tubal
Lingual
What is the lymphatic drainage of the mouth?
Submental nodes
Submandibular nodes
Deep cervical
What drains the palatine tonsil?
Jugulo-digastic node
What are the features of lymph node infection?
Swollen Painful Soft Smooth Not fixed Improves
What are the lymph node features in cancer?
Swollen Not painful Hard Irregular Fixed Does not improve
Where do midline structures often drain?
Bilaterally
