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ENT Lectures > Anatomy of the Larynx > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Larynx?

A

Voice box
Sphincter of respiratory tract
Regulates airflow
Protection of aspirated objects

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2
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A series of cartilages joined by connective tissue and moved by muscles

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3
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

Between the pharynx and the trachea

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4
Q

What encloses the larynx?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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5
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia enclose?

A 
Strap muscles
Thyroid gland
Trachea and larynx
Oesophagus and pharynx
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
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6
Q

Where is the larynx in relation to laryngopharynx?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Where is the larynx in relation to carotid sheaths?

A

Between

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8
Q

Where is the larynx in relation to C4-C6?

A

Between

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9
Q

What reduced the chance of aspiration?

A

Raising of the larynx towards the oesophagus

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10
Q

What happens if the larynx isnt raised towards the oesophagus?

A

Cough reflex engages

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11
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

Cartilages suspended from hyoid bone

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12
Q

What is the function of the cartilage?

A

Maintaining patency of URT
Cartilages help prevent entry of foreign bodies into LRT
Vocal cords and cough reflex produce sound

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13
Q

Which cartilage is the only full ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

What connects the arytenoid cartilages and the cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricoarytenoid joint

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15
Q

What 2 processes are there on the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Vocal process

Muscular process

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16
Q

How can cricoid pressure allow ventilation?

A 
Press on the cricoid cartilage
Lamina of cricoid compresses the oesophagus
Presses it against the C6 vertebral body
Oesophagus is closed but airway is open
Prevents regurgitation/aspiration
Allows ventilation
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17
Q

What are some features of the larynx?

A 
Laryngeal vestibule
False vocal cord (vestibular fold)
Laryngeal ventricle
True vocal cord
Infra-glottic cavity
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18
Q

What are the vocal cords?

A

The free borders of mucosa covered connective tissue in the larynx

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19
Q

What are the 2 pairs of vocal cords?

A

True

False

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20
Q

Where does the true vocal cords attach?

A

Vocal proceess of arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Where are the false vocal cords found?

A

Arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis

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22
Q

Where is a laryngoscope placed into?

A

Vallecula

Space between epiglottis and tongue

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23
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

Space between the the true vocal cords

24
Q

What is the aryepiglottic fold?

A

Superior border of quadrangular membrane

25
Q

What are the intrinic muscles of the larynx and what are they supplied by?

A

All skeletal muscle

CN X

26
Q

What are the 4 main movements of the vocal cord and what do they do?

A

Tension - Increase pitch
Relaxation - Decrease pitch
Adduction - Quieter
Abduction - Louder

27
Q

Which muscles tense the larynx?

A

Cricothyroid muscles

28
Q

What does the cricothyroid muscle do?

A

Tenses vocal ligament

Nods thyroid cartilage

29
Q

What are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscles?

A

Anterolateral cricoid cartilage

Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

30
Q

What muscles are the relaxors of the larynx?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles

31
Q

Where do the thyroarytenoid muscles attach?

A

Posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid

32
Q

What are the adductors of the larynx?

A

Lateral crico-arytenoid
muscles
Arytenoid muscles

33
Q

Where do the lateral crcio-arytenoid muscles attach?

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid to anterior cricoid cartilage

34
Q

How do the arytenoid muscles quieten the voice?

A

Closes the rima glottidis

35
Q

Where do the arytenoid muscles attach?

A

One arytenoid cartilage to another

36
Q

What muscle abducts the larynx?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles

37
Q

Where do the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles attahc?

A

Posterior cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

38
Q

Where do supraglottis tumours drain?

A

To superior deep cervical nodes

39
Q

Where do glottic tumours present?

A

On the cords

40
Q

What do glottic tumours present with?

A

Voice changes/airway obstruction

41
Q

Where do sub-glottic tumours spread to?

A

Paratracheal nodes

42
Q

What do sub-glottic tumours present with?

A

Voice/airway obstruction

43
Q

What muscles are used in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

44
Q

What muscles are involved in controlled expiration?

A

Contraction of anterolateral abdominal wall and inspiratory intercostal muscles

45
Q

What is phonation?

A

Producing a sound in the larynx

46
Q

How is phonation brought about?

A

Once subglottal pressure threshold is reached then air crosses vocal cords causing vibration

47
Q

What dictates pitch of sound?

A

Length/tension of vocal cords

48
Q

What amplifies the buzz made by the larynx?

A

Pharynx

Oral and nasal cavities

49
Q

How are oral sounds made?

A

Soft palate tenses (Cn V3) and elevates (CN X) to close off enterance into nasopharynx
Directs stream of air through oral cavity
Sound is interrupted by tongue (CN XII) and the teeth/lips (CN VII) to produce most vowels

50
Q

Nasal sounds

A

Soft palate tenses (CN V£) and descends (CN X) to close off enterance into oropharynx
Directs stream of air through nose

51
Q

What supplies all intrinsic muscles apart from cricothyroid?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

52
Q

What supplies mucosa above the folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

53
Q

What supplies the mucose below the folds?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

54
Q

What supplies motor to cricothyroid?

A

External laryngeal

55
Q

How can the vagus nerve be clinically testeed?

A

Pharynx - ask to swallow sip of water (watch larynx move up and down, do they splutter)
Larynx - listen to patient speak (Is voice hoarse, are intrinsic muscles of larynx functioning normally)
Ask patient to cough (is it normal and powerful)

ENT Lectures (14 decks)

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