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ENT Lectures > Physiology of Hearing and balance > Flashcards

Physiology of Hearing and balance Flashcards

1
Q

What causes sound?

A

Oscillating molecules

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2
Q

What does frequency dictate?

A

Pitch

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3
Q

What does amplitude dictate?

A

Intensity

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4
Q

What frequencies can humans perceive?

A

20Hz - 20,000Hz

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5
Q

How does the middle ear act as an amplifier mechanism?

A

Ossicular chain acts as piston or lever arm with varying efficiency depending on frequency of sound transmitted

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6
Q

What is the tympanic membrane: OW ratio?

A

18:1

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7
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

Ventilation pathway for middle ear mucosa

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8
Q

What is the eustachian tube made up of?

A

Bone and Cartilage

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9
Q

What opens the eustachian tube?

A

Tensor veli palatini

Levator palatine muscles

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10
Q

What can eustachian tube dysfunction lead to?

A

MIddle ear negative pressure

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11
Q

What are the oval and round windows?

A

Openings of the cochlea to the middle ear

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12
Q

What do the windows permit?

A

Transmission of pressure wave in enclosed canal and vibration of the basilar membrane

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13
Q

Where is the scala media found?

A

Suspended in between scala tympani and scala vestibuli

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14
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Coiled tubes of liquid

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15
Q

Which part of the cochlea has a different ionic composition?

A

Scala media

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16
Q

Where is the auditory area?

A

Primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

17
Q

When can a foetus hear sound?

A

18 weeks

18
Q

When can a foetus respond to sound/voice?

A

26 weeks

19
Q

What % of infants have profound hearing loss?

A

1/1000

20
Q

How does the universal neonatal screening test hearing?

A

The outer hair cells produce sounds which will respond to stimulus

21
Q

What should children be able to do by 3 months?

A

Cooing

Recognising mothers voice

22
Q

What should children be able to do by 6 months?

A

Babbling
Turns to sound or eyes towards sound
Makes happy and sad sounds

23
Q

What should children be able to do by 12 months?

A

May make simple noises, mama/dada

Turns to sound

24
Q

What should children be able to do by 18 months?

A 
Says a few words
Colours
Animal sounds
Recognises body parts
Simple commands
25
Q

What should children be able to do by 24 months?

A

Two word phrases, 50+ words

Understands questions and follows commands

26
Q

What should children be able to do by 36 months?

A

Use 3 word sentences, aware of rhyme, start with adjectives, understand order, positioning

27
Q

What 6 systems contribute to balance?

A 
Visual
Proprioceptive
Vestibulospinal tract
Cardiovascular
Vestibular
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
28
Q

What does the Superior vesicular nerve supply?

A

Lateral/Anterior SCC and utricle

29
Q

What does the Infetior vesicular nerve supplY?

A

Posterior SCC and saccule

30
Q

What are the 2 hair cells of the inner ear?

A

Kinoclium and stereocilia

31
Q

What is the resting potential of the hair cells of the inner ear?

A

Resting potential 90 spikes/sec

32
Q

How are otolith organs oriented?

A

At right angles to eachother

33
Q

Where is the capula found?

A

Ampulla of SCC

34
Q

What causes deflection of the SCC?

A

Movement of the perilymph

35
Q

What causes the stereocilia to deflect?

A

Bending

36
Q

What happens when one side is excited?

A

The other is inhibited

37
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex involved in?

A

Focusing on an object when the head is moving

38
Q

When would the brain percieve rotation when stationary?

A

When a patient has lost one ear
Brain sees high stimulus from the working side and no stimulus from the other side, so eyes flicker causing the patient to become dizzy

39
Q

What do the central pathways have outputs to?

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and ocular muscles
Medial lemniscus and thalamus to cerbrum

ENT Lectures (14 decks)

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