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ENT Lectures > Microbiology of ENT infections > Flashcards

Microbiology of ENT infections Flashcards

1
Q

What type of herpes simplex is aquired in childhood?

A

Type 1

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2
Q

What type of HSV causes oral lesions?

A

HSV1

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3
Q

How is HSV transmitted?

A

Infection through saliva contact

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4
Q

What are the sympoms of primary gingivostomatitis?

A 
Systemic upset
Lips Buccal mucosa
Hard palata
Vesicles
Ulcers
Fever
Local lymphadenopathy
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5
Q

How is HSV1 treated?

A

Aciclovir

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6
Q

How does a cold sore occur?

A

Reactivation from nerves causes active infection

Various stimuli

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7
Q

Are recurrent intra-oral lesions causes by HSV?

A

Probably not

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8
Q

How is HSV confirmed?

A

Swab lesion in viral transport medium

Detection of DNA by PCR

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9
Q

What causes herpangina?

A

Coxsackie virus

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of herpangina?

A

Vesicles/ulcers on soft palate

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11
Q

How is herpangina diagnosed?

A

CLinically or by PCR

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12
Q

What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Coxsackie viruses

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13
Q

Is syphilis painful?

A

No

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14
Q

What bacteria causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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15
Q

Where is syphilis most common?

A

Genital

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16
Q

What is the presentation of syphilis?

A

Painless indurated ulcer at site of entry of bacteria

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17
Q

What are apthous ulcers?

A

Recurring painful ulcers of the mouth that are round or ovoid and have inflammatory halos

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18
Q

Where are aphthous ulcers confined to?

A

Mouth

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Behcet’s disease?

A 
Recurrent oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Uveitis
Visceral organ involvement
Commonest in middle east and asia
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20
Q

Who gets acute throat infections?

A

Children 5-10

Young people 15-25

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21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a thoat infection?

A

Pain at the back of the mouth

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22
Q

What are causes of non-infectious sore throats?

A 
Physical irritation
GORD
Chronic irritation
Alcohol
Hay fever
Look for red flags
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23
Q

What is an absolute indication for admission to hospital with a sore throat?

A

Stridor

Respiratory difficulty

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24
Q

What are some complications of sore throats?

A

Otitis media
Peri-tonsillar abscess
Para-pharyngeal abscess
Mastoiditis

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25
Q

What is the management of sore throat?

A

Self care advice
Prescribing antibiotics only where apporpriate
Manage immunosupressed people

26
Q

What is self care?

A 
Regular analgesia
Medicated lozenges
Avoidance of hot drinks 
Adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration
Mouthwashes/gargles/spray
27
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

28
Q

What is the treatment for strep throat?

A

Penicillin

29
Q

What is the treatment for strep throat?

A

Penicillin

30
Q

What are late complications of strep pyogenes?

A

Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis

31
Q

What is the criteria for the CENTOR criteria?

A 
Tonsilar exudate
Tender anterior cervical lymph nodes
History of fever (>38)
Abscence of cough
(Score out of 4)
32
Q

What is the criteria for Fever PAIN?

A 
Fever (last 24 hours)
Purulence
Attend rapidly (w/in 3/7)
Inflamed tonsils
No cough/corryza
33
Q

How are patients with a sore throat who are on a DMARD investigated?

A

FBC
Arrange contact with them later with the result
Withold the DMARD

34
Q

What can cause Neutropenia?

A

Carbimazole

CHemotherapy

35
Q

Treatment of bacterial throat infection?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

36
Q

What causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

37
Q

What is the clinical presentation of diptheria?

A

Severe sore throat with grey white membrane across the pharynx

38
Q

Is diptheria vaccinated against?

39
Q

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

A

Antitoxin and supportive

Penicillin/Erythromycin

40
Q

What is the presentation of infection mononucleosis?

A 
Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes
Sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis
Malaise, lethargy
Jaundice/Hepatitis
Rash
Haematology
Splenomegaly
Palatal petechiae
41
Q

What are some other signs of mono?

A 
Protracted but self limiting illness
Anaemia, thrombocytopenia
Splenic rupture
Upper airway obstruction
Increased risk of lymphoma, especially in immunsuppressed
42
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

43
Q

What is the treatment for Mono?

A 
Bed rest
Paracetamol
Avoid sport
Antivirals not effective
Typically don't use steroids
44
Q

How is EBV confirmed?

A 
EBV IgM
Heterophile antibody
-Paul-bunnel test
-Monospot test
Blood count and film
Liver function tests
45
Q

What is the presentation of candida?

A

White pathces on red, raw mucous membranes in throat/mouth

46
Q

What causes candida?

A

Endogenous

47
Q

When should candida be investigated?

A

If recurrent

48
Q

What is the treatment of candida?

A

Nystatin

Fluconazole

49
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

URTI involving the middle ear

50
Q

Who gets acute otitis media

A

Infants and children

51
Q

What is the presentation of otitis media?

52
Q

What are the most common bacteria causing infections of middle ear?

A

H.Influenzae
Step. pneumoniae
Strep. pyogenases

53
Q

How is a middle ear infection diagnosed?

A

Swab of pus if eardrum perforates

54
Q

What is the treatment of middle ear infections?

A

80% resolve in 4 days
1st - amoxicillin
2nd - Erythromycin

55
Q

What are the symptoms of malignant otitis?

A

Pain
Headache
Severe

56
Q

What are the signs of malignant otitis?

A

Granulation tissure at bone-cartilage junction of ear canal
Exposed bone in ear canal
Facial nerve palsy

57
Q

Investigations of malignant otitis?

A

Plasma viscosity

CRP

58
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the outer ear canal

59
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis externa?

A 
Redness and swelling of the skin of the ear canal
Itchy
Sore
Painful
Discharge
Hearing may be affected
60
Q

What can cause otitis externa?

A 
Staph aureus
Proteus spp
Pseudomonas
Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans
61
Q

What is the management of otitis externa?

A

Topical aural toilet
Swab
Treat depending on culture

ENT Lectures (14 decks)

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