physiology of pregnancy and lactation Flashcards
when an ovum progressively divides, it differentiates into a?
blastocyte
where does fertilization normally occur?
ampulla of fallopian tube
what happens on day 1?
fertilization
what happens during day3-5?
transport of blastocyte into uterus
what happens during days 5-8?
blastocyte attaches to lining of uterus
what do the inner cells of the blastocyte become?
into the embryo
what do the outer cells of the blastocyte become?
become the placenta
what happens with the blastocyte begins to attach to the uterus lining?
trophoblastic cells begin to penetrate the endometrium
advancing cord of trophoblastic cells tunnel deeper into the endometrium, carving out a hole for the blastocyte
eventually blastocyte is completely burried in endometrium ( this is usually complete by day 12!!)
what is the placenta derived from?
trophoblast and decidual tissue
by what week is the placenta functional?
week 5
it s a 2 way exchange - mainly by diffusion
acts as an arteriovenous shunt
what hormone signals the corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone until placenta is ready?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
saturated blood returns to baby via what vessel?
umbilical vein
what is different about fetal blood compare to adult blood?
fetal Hb has increased ability to carry O2
fetal Hb conc is also higher
what does the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone do?
keeps corpus luteum secreting progesterone
helps the development of testes in the make fetus
it peaks around week 10 ish
what is the human chorionic somatomammotropin hormone and what does it do
it is produced from week 5
it is like growth hormone
involved in boob development
decreases insulin sensitivty in mother so more glucose for baby
it increases throughout pregnancy
function of progesterone during pregnancy?
development of decidual cells
decrease uterus contractility
prep for lactation
function of oestogrens during pregnancy?
enlargement of uterus
boob development
relaxation of ligaments
what is an indicator of of vitality of fetus>
estriol level
name some cardio maternal adaptions to pregnancy?
-increase cardiac output- peaks at week 4 then decreases again then increases during labour
-increase heart rate
decrease in BP in second trimester
name some blood maternal adaptions to pregnancy?
- plasma volume increases with CO
RBC increase so Hb decreased by dilution
iron requirement increases big time
name some resp maternal adaptions for pregnancy?
increase resp rate
tidal vol and minute vol increase
pCO2 decrease slightly
vital capacity doesnt change
O2 consumption increases
name some renal maternal adaptions for pregnancy?
GFR and renal flow increase
increase re-absoprtion of ions and water
slight increase urine formation
what is pre-eclampsia?
hypertension, proteinuria and odema ( because retain salt and H20
what puts you a risk of pre-eclampsia
if already hypertensive diabetic autoimmune disease renal disease fam history obesity if having twins of had it before- biggest risk
what is eclampsia?
when pre-eclampsia hasnt been treated- get seizures and go into coma
treat with vasodilator and C section
how many more calories should a mother consume each day when pregnant
250-300 calories
need extra protein intake
what is erythropoesis
making red blood cells
what is parturition
birth
what does oxytocin do in birth
increases contraction and excitability
does cervical stretching help release oxytocin
yeah
what is the first stage of labour?
cervical dilation
what is the second stage of labour?
baby passing through birth canal
what is the 3rd stage of labour?
expulsion of placenta
what causes the growth of the ductile system?
estrogen
what causes development of lobule-alveolar system
progesterone
what hormones inhibit milk production
progesterone and oestrogen
what stimulates milk production
prolactin
what causes milk let down?
oxytocin
