physiology of pregnancy and lactation

Question 1

when an ovum progressively divides, it differentiates into a?

Answer 1

blastocyte

Question 2

where does fertilization normally occur?

Answer 2

ampulla of fallopian tube

Question 3

what happens on day 1?

Answer 3

fertilization

Question 4

what happens during day3-5?

Answer 4

transport of blastocyte into uterus

Question 5

what happens during days 5-8?

Answer 5

blastocyte attaches to lining of uterus

Question 6

what do the inner cells of the blastocyte become?

Answer 6

into the embryo

Question 7

what do the outer cells of the blastocyte become?

Answer 7

become the placenta

Question 8

what happens with the blastocyte begins to attach to the uterus lining?

Answer 8

trophoblastic cells begin to penetrate the endometrium

advancing cord of trophoblastic cells tunnel deeper into the endometrium, carving out a hole for the blastocyte

eventually blastocyte is completely burried in endometrium ( this is usually complete by day 12!!)

Question 9

what is the placenta derived from?

Answer 9

trophoblast and decidual tissue

Question 10

by what week is the placenta functional?

Answer 10

week 5

it s a 2 way exchange - mainly by diffusion
acts as an arteriovenous shunt

Question 11

what hormone signals the corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone until placenta is ready?

Answer 11

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

Question 12

saturated blood returns to baby via what vessel?

Answer 12

umbilical vein

Question 13

what is different about fetal blood compare to adult blood?

Answer 13

fetal Hb has increased ability to carry O2

fetal Hb conc is also higher

Question 14

what does the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone do?

Answer 14

keeps corpus luteum secreting progesterone
helps the development of testes in the make fetus

it peaks around week 10 ish

Question 15

what is the human chorionic somatomammotropin hormone and what does it do

Answer 15

it is produced from week 5

it is like growth hormone
involved in boob development
decreases insulin sensitivty in mother so more glucose for baby

it increases throughout pregnancy

Question 16

function of progesterone during pregnancy?

Answer 16

development of decidual cells
decrease uterus contractility
prep for lactation

Question 17

function of oestogrens during pregnancy?

Answer 17

enlargement of uterus
boob development
relaxation of ligaments

Question 18

what is an indicator of of vitality of fetus>

Answer 18

estriol level

Question 19

name some cardio maternal adaptions to pregnancy?

Answer 19

-increase cardiac output- peaks at week 4 then decreases again then increases during labour
-increase heart rate
decrease in BP in second trimester

Question 20

name some blood maternal adaptions to pregnancy?

Answer 20

• plasma volume increases with CO
  RBC increase so Hb decreased by dilution
  iron requirement increases big time

Question 21

name some resp maternal adaptions for pregnancy?

Answer 21

increase resp rate
tidal vol and minute vol increase
pCO2 decrease slightly
vital capacity doesnt change

O2 consumption increases

Question 22

name some renal maternal adaptions for pregnancy?

Answer 22

GFR and renal flow increase
increase re-absoprtion of ions and water
slight increase urine formation

Question 23

what is pre-eclampsia?

Answer 23

hypertension, proteinuria and odema ( because retain salt and H20

Question 24

what puts you a risk of pre-eclampsia

Answer 24

if already hypertensive
diabetic
autoimmune disease
renal disease
fam history
obesity
if having twins
of had it before- biggest risk

Question 25

what is eclampsia?

Answer 25

when pre-eclampsia hasnt been treated- get seizures and go into coma

treat with vasodilator and C section

Question 26

how many more calories should a mother consume each day when pregnant

Answer 26

250-300 calories

need extra protein intake

Question 27

what is erythropoesis

Answer 27

making red blood cells

Question 28

what is parturition

Answer 28

birth

Question 29

what does oxytocin do in birth

Answer 29

increases contraction and excitability

Question 30

does cervical stretching help release oxytocin

Answer 30

yeah

Question 31

what is the first stage of labour?

Answer 31

cervical dilation

Question 32

what is the second stage of labour?

Answer 32

baby passing through birth canal

Question 33

what is the 3rd stage of labour?

Answer 33

expulsion of placenta

Question 34

what causes the growth of the ductile system?

Answer 34

estrogen

Question 35

what causes development of lobule-alveolar system

Answer 35

progesterone

Question 36

what hormones inhibit milk production

Answer 36

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 37

what stimulates milk production

Answer 37

prolactin

Question 38

what causes milk let down?

Answer 38

oxytocin