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1. Neurology > Physiology of Hearing and Vision > Flashcards

Physiology of Hearing and Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What is released in response to cilia being activated?

A

glutamate

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2
Q

What are tip links?

A

extracellular filaments that connect stereocilia to each other
gate/close the TMCI channel - depending on the tilt of the cilia

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3
Q

How do we hear?

A

vibration of ossicles is converted to movement of fluid in the cochlea, this is captured by hair cells and transduced into neural energy to be pecieved by the auditory cortex

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4
Q

What seperates the Scala vestibuli and Scala media?

A

Reissners membrane

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5
Q

What seperates the Scala media and the scala tympani?

A

basilar membrane

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6
Q

Where do the scala tympani and scala vestibuli connect?

A

helicotrema

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7
Q

Which scala meets the oval window?

A

scala tympani

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8
Q

Which scala meets at the round window?

A

scala vestibuli

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9
Q

How does sound transduction pass?

A

organ of corti -> basilar membrane -> tectorial membrane

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10
Q

What are the charactersitics of the apex of the basilar membrane?

A

wide and floppy

low frequency

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11
Q

What are the charactersitics of the base of the basilar membrane?

A

narrow and stiff

high frequency

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12
Q

What vibrates to make hair cells bend?

A

tectorial membrane

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13
Q

Where are the hair cells mainly located?

A

between the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina - the tips are on the tectorial membrane

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14
Q

Where are hair cells cell bodies found?

A

spiral ganglion

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15
Q

Where do hair cells synapse?

A

bipolar neurones

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16
Q

What is tonotopy?

A

different frequencies of sound waves activate hair cells maximally at different locations - meaning the ear can hear different sounds

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17
Q

What polarity do hair cells have at rest?

A

slightly depolarised

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18
Q

What is the K concentration like in endolymph?

A

high K concentration

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19
Q

What inward current do hair cells have?

A

inwards K current

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20
Q

What is the endolymph membrane potential?

A

80mV

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21
Q

Describe inner hair cells in terms of no of afferents per cell?

A

around 10 afferents per hair cell

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22
Q

Describe outer hair cells in terms of no of afferents per cell?

A

multiple hair cells per afferents

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23
Q

What is the role of outer hair cells?

A

cochlear amplifier - control stiffness and amplify membrane vibration

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24
Q

What is the role of inner hair cells?

A

main source of afferent signal in the vestibulocochlear nerve

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25
Q

What protein can change the length of the cell?

A

Prestin

26
Q

How does Prestin change the length of the cell?

A

changes the spatial relationship betwee the basilar membrane and tympanic membrane

27
Q

What drug inactivates the membrane motor?

A

furosimide

28
Q

What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus?

A

located sound in space

29
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculus?

A

forms full spatial map

30
Q

What is the role of the medial superior olivary nucleus?

A

computes sound arrival at BOTH ears - ipsilateral ear earlier than the contralateral ear - causes a delay line

31
Q

Where is the medial superior olivary nucleus found?

A

calyx of held

32
Q

What is the role of the medial superior olivary nucleus and the lateral superior olivary nucleus in recieving information from the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

from the ipsilateral CN VIII - the LSO gets an excitory input
from the contralateral CN VIII - the MSO gets excited which inhibits the LSO

33
Q

What happens if the signal is closer to the lateral SO?

A

the lateral SO will get a net depolarisation

34
Q

What happens if the signal is further away from the LSO than the MSO?

A

the LSO will get a hyperpolarisation

35
Q

What is the role of the semicircular canals?

A

detect head movemetn and rotatory acceleration

36
Q

What is the crista in the semicircular canals?

A

sheets of cells where the hair cells are clustered

37
Q

What is the ampulla in the semicircular canals?

A

bulge along the canal that contains crista

38
Q

What is cilia projected into?

A

gelatinous cupula

39
Q

How are kinocilia arranged?

A

all orientated in the same direction so all excited or inhibited together

40
Q

What does the saccule detect?

A

movement in the vertical plane

41
Q

What does the utricle detect?

A

movement in the horizontal plane

42
Q

Where do the hair cells lie in the otolith organs (saccule and utricle)?

A

macula

43
Q

What divides the hair cells into opposing polarities?

A

striola

44
Q

Whats otoconia? Where do you find it?

A

crystals of calcium carbonate

otolithic membrane

45
Q

What does the striola do with the otoconia?

A

arranges it into narrow trenches to divide each otolith organ

46
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

keeps the eyes still when the head moves

47
Q

What is the vestibulo-colic reflex?

A

keeps the head still in space

48
Q

What is the vestibulo-spinal reflex?

A

ajust posture for rapid changes in position

49
Q

Describe alcohols affect on the vestibular system?

A

alcohol is less dense than water
so when it enters the blood and goes into the cupula, the cupula floats in the endolymph, triggering the hair cells to bend so you feel like you’re spinning

50
Q

What is the equation between Pna and Pk in the dark in the eyes?

A

Pna = Pk

51
Q

What is the equation between Pna and Pk in light in the eyes?

A

Pna is reduced, Pk hyper polarises

52
Q

What does light convert 11-cis-retinal to?

A

all-trans-retinal

53
Q

What are the characteristics of rods?

A

dim light
lower density
high convergance

54
Q

What are the characteristics of cones?

A

normal light
high density
low convergance

55
Q

What substance is released in the dark?

A

glutamate

56
Q

What is the role of horizontal cells?

A

interconnect a group of surround neurones and sample the total amount of excitation and release GABA in response

57
Q

What is the striate cortex?

A

part of the visual cortex - in V1

first area that recieves input from the lateral geniculate nucleus

58
Q

Where do magnocellular LGN neurons project to in the striate cortex?

A

layer IVC alpha

59
Q

Where do panocellular LGN neurons project to in the striate cortex?

A

layer IVC beta

60
Q

Where do kaniocellular LGN neurons project to in the striate cortex?

A

layer II and III

61
Q

What layer of neurones are binocular?

A

layer III

62
Q

What helps to enhance contrast in the retina?

A

horizontal cells and lateral inhibition

1. Neurology (32 decks)

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