Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the primary vesicles?

Answer 1

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

Question 2

What are the secondary vesicles?

Answer 2

prosencephalon -> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon -> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon -> metencephalon and mylencephalon

Question 3

What is derived from the cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 3

telecephalon

Question 4

What is derived from the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 4

diencephalon

Question 5

What is derived from the mesencephalon?

Answer 5

midbrain

Question 6

What is derived from the mesencephalon?

Answer 6

pons and cerebellum

Question 7

What is derived from the mylencephalon?

Answer 7

medulla

Question 8

What type of neurones are in the CNS?

Answer 8

multipolar - many dendrites and one axon

Question 9

Are there more glial cells or neurones in the CNS?

Answer 9

x10 more glial cells than neurones

Question 10

What are the types of glial cells?

Answer 10

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Question 11

What is the role of astrocytes?

Answer 11

maintain the blood brain barrier

act as a glue to hold the brain together as there is no connective tissue in the CNS

Question 12

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 12

produce myelin

Question 13

What is the role of microglia?

Answer 13

immune monitoring and antigen presenting in the CNS

Question 14

What is the role of ependymal cells?

Answer 14

lines the ventricles

ciliated, columnar epithelium

Question 15

Where are there more nerve cell bodies? White matter or gray?

Answer 15

gray matter

no nerve cell bodies in white matter

Question 16

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 16

precentral cortex

Question 17

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 17

postcentral cortex

Question 18

What does the posterior/dorsal route of the spinal cord transmit?

Answer 18

sensory information into spinal cord

Question 19

What does the anterior/ventral route of the spinal cord transmit?

Answer 19

motor information out of the spinal cord

Question 20

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

Answer 20

conus medullaris

Question 21

What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?

Answer 21

denticulate ligament

Question 22

What vertebral level does the cauda equina start?

Answer 22

L2

Question 23

What does the conus medullaris continue as?

Answer 23

filium terminae (thin connective tissue)

Question 24

What are the different arterial supplies of the spinal cord?

Answer 24

anterior and posterior spinal arteries
anterior and posterior radicular arteries
lumbar, intercostal and vertebral arteries

Question 25

Where are the anterior and posterior venous plexus' found?

Answer 25

epidural space

Question 26

What ascending pathway carries fine touch and concious proprioception?

Answer 26

dorsal column/medial lemnicus

Question 27

What ascending pathway carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?

Answer 27

spinothalamic tract

Question 28

What descending pathway carries fine, precise movement?

Answer 28

corticospinal tract

Question 29

What descending pathway carries movement to the head and neck?

Answer 29

corticobulbar tract

Question 30

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex? (outer to inner)

Answer 30

molecular outer layer purkinje middle layer granule inner layer

Question 31

How does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?

Answer 31

peduncles

Question 32

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 32

anterior posterior flocculonodular

Question 33

What does a right sided cerebellar lesion affect?

Answer 33

Right side of the body

Question 34

What are the divisions of the cerebellum?

Answer 34

pontocerebellum vestibulocerebellum spinocerebellum

Question 35

What is the role of the pontocerebellum?

Answer 35

planning and carrying out movement

Question 36

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 36

balance

Question 37

What is the role of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 37

postural control

Question 38

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 38

control movement, posture and muscle tone by reducing or increasing excitory input to the cortex

Question 39

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 39

``` caudate nucleus substantitia nigra putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus ```

Question 40

Describe the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

Answer 40

inhibits outflow of thalamus

Question 41

Describe the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

Answer 41

enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing the desired movement

Question 42

What do right sided lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

Answer 42

left side of the body

Question 43

Describe the pathway of action potentials from the organ of Corti?

Answer 43

in the cochlear, the stereocilia of the organ of corti stimulate action potentials to be released and sent to the cochlear nuclei in the pons Some of these fibres cross and others do not, therefore input is kind of bilateral

Question 44

Where do high frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 44

posterior medial part

Question 45

Where do low frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 45

anterior lateral part

Question 46

What occurs due to damage of Brocas area?

Answer 46

problem producing language | - primary motor cortex problem

Question 47

What occurs due to damage of Wernickes area?

Answer 47

problem understanding language | - primary sensory cortex problem

Question 48

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 48

temporal lobe

Question 49

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 49

occipital lobe

Question 50

What is separated by the calcarine sulcus?

Answer 50

primary visual cortex and visual association centre

Question 51

Where does the upper visual field project to?

Answer 51

gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus

Question 52

Where does the lower visual field project to?

Answer 52

gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus

Question 53

Where does the macula project to?

Answer 53

posterior pole of the cortex

Question 54

What is Meyers loop?

Answer 54

a loop around the lateral ventricle, that carries fibres from the upper visual field

Question 55

What are the two forms of eye movement?

Answer 55

command - jumpy | tracking movements - smooth

Question 56

What side of the brain is usually dominant?

Answer 56

left

Question 57

What are the 3 types of white matter?

Answer 57

association fibres commissural fibres projection fibres

Question 58

What are association fibres?

Answer 58

connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

Question 59

What are commisural fibres?

Answer 59

connect one hemisphere to the other

Question 60

What are projection fibres?

Answer 60

connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum and brain stem