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1. Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What are the secondary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon -> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon -> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon -> metencephalon and mylencephalon

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3
Q

What is derived from the cerebral hemisphere?

A

telecephalon

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4
Q

What is derived from the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

What is derived from the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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6
Q

What is derived from the mesencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

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7
Q

What is derived from the mylencephalon?

A

medulla

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8
Q

What type of neurones are in the CNS?

A

multipolar - many dendrites and one axon

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9
Q

Are there more glial cells or neurones in the CNS?

A

x10 more glial cells than neurones

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10
Q

What are the types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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11
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

maintain the blood brain barrier

act as a glue to hold the brain together as there is no connective tissue in the CNS

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12
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin

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13
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

immune monitoring and antigen presenting in the CNS

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14
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

lines the ventricles

ciliated, columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Where are there more nerve cell bodies? White matter or gray?

A

gray matter

no nerve cell bodies in white matter

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16
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

precentral cortex

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17
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

postcentral cortex

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18
Q

What does the posterior/dorsal route of the spinal cord transmit?

A

sensory information into spinal cord

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19
Q

What does the anterior/ventral route of the spinal cord transmit?

A

motor information out of the spinal cord

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20
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

conus medullaris

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21
Q

What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?

A

denticulate ligament

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22
Q

What vertebral level does the cauda equina start?

A

L2

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23
Q

What does the conus medullaris continue as?

A

filium terminae (thin connective tissue)

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24
Q

What are the different arterial supplies of the spinal cord?

A

anterior and posterior spinal arteries
anterior and posterior radicular arteries
lumbar, intercostal and vertebral arteries

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25
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior venous plexus’ found?

A

epidural space

26
Q

What ascending pathway carries fine touch and concious proprioception?

A

dorsal column/medial lemnicus

27
Q

What ascending pathway carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?

A

spinothalamic tract

28
Q

What descending pathway carries fine, precise movement?

A

corticospinal tract

29
Q

What descending pathway carries movement to the head and neck?

A

corticobulbar tract

30
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex? (outer to inner)

A

molecular outer layer
purkinje middle layer
granule inner layer

31
Q

How does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?

A

peduncles

32
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior
posterior
flocculonodular

33
Q

What does a right sided cerebellar lesion affect?

A

Right side of the body

34
Q

What are the divisions of the cerebellum?

A

pontocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum

35
Q

What is the role of the pontocerebellum?

A

planning and carrying out movement

36
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

balance

37
Q

What is the role of the spinocerebellum?

A

postural control

38
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

control movement, posture and muscle tone by reducing or increasing excitory input to the cortex

39
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

A 
caudate nucleus
substantitia nigra
putamen
globus pallidus 
subthalamic nucleus
40
Q

Describe the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

inhibits outflow of thalamus

41
Q

Describe the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A

enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing the desired movement

42
Q

What do right sided lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

A

left side of the body

43
Q

Describe the pathway of action potentials from the organ of Corti?

A

in the cochlear, the stereocilia of the organ of corti stimulate action potentials to be released and sent to the cochlear nuclei in the pons
Some of these fibres cross and others do not, therefore input is kind of bilateral

44
Q

Where do high frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?

A

posterior medial part

45
Q

Where do low frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?

A

anterior lateral part

46
Q

What occurs due to damage of Brocas area?

A

problem producing language

- primary motor cortex problem

47
Q

What occurs due to damage of Wernickes area?

A

problem understanding language

- primary sensory cortex problem

48
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

49
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

50
Q

What is separated by the calcarine sulcus?

A

primary visual cortex and visual association centre

51
Q

Where does the upper visual field project to?

A

gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus

52
Q

Where does the lower visual field project to?

A

gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus

53
Q

Where does the macula project to?

A

posterior pole of the cortex

54
Q

What is Meyers loop?

A

a loop around the lateral ventricle, that carries fibres from the upper visual field

55
Q

What are the two forms of eye movement?

A

command - jumpy

tracking movements - smooth

56
Q

What side of the brain is usually dominant?

A

left

57
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter?

A

association fibres
commissural fibres
projection fibres

58
Q

What are association fibres?

A

connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

59
Q

What are commisural fibres?

A

connect one hemisphere to the other

60
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum and brain stem

1. Neurology (32 decks)

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