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J MSK > PHYSIOLOGY - muscle, bone, cartilage, joints > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - muscle, bone, cartilage, joints Flashcards

1
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

voluntary

striated

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2
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

involuntary

unstriated

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3
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary/involuntary and striated/unstriated

A

involuntary

striated

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4
Q

what is a motor unit in skeletal muscle

A

single alpha motor neuron + all the muscle fibres it innervates (depending on the function the number of muscle fibres is different)

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5
Q

in something with precision (eg eye movement) are there lots or few muscle fibres in each motor unit

A

few

just have lots of motor units

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6
Q

in something with power over precision (eg muscles) are there lots or few muscle fibres in each motor unit

A

lots

no point in having lots of motor units/alpha motor neurones if all the muscles fibres are being programmed to do the same thing

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7
Q

is myosin a thick or thin filament

A

thick

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8
Q

is actin a thick or thin filament

A

thin

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9
Q

in muscle contraction, where does the Ca2+ come from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

what happens when Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibres

A

binds to troponin on actin

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11
Q

is Ca2+ present or absent when contraction occurs

A

present

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12
Q

is Ca2+ present or absent when relaxation occurs

A

absent (it is actually released)

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13
Q

is ATP required for muscle contraction to occur

A

yes

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14
Q

is ATP required for muscle relaxation to occur

A

yes

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15
Q

where is the Ca2+ pumped into when muscle relaxation occurs

A

from actin myosin crossbridge to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

why does rigor mortis happen

A

bc theres no ATP for relaxation of muscles

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17
Q

what are the components of muscle tension (3)

A

number of muscle fibres involved
frequency of stimulation of fibres
summation of contractions

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18
Q

what happens when an action potential occurs before the previous twitch is finished

A

twitch summation (can eventually turn into one strong contraction)

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19
Q

how does twitching of muscles happen in cardiac muscle

A

it doesnt!

long refractory period prevents twitching from happening

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20
Q

what is the physiology of isotonic contraction

when is it used

A

muscle tension stays the same
length of fibre changes

(isoTonic = Tension same)

body movement and moving objects

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21
Q

what is the physiology of isomeric contraction

when is it used

A

length of muscle stays the same
muscle tension increases

maintain body pressure eg holding something for a long time

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22
Q

what are slow oxidative muscle fibres used for

A

prolonged low work aerobic activities

eg walking, posture

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23
Q

what are there lots of in slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

mitochondria (bc they need oxygen)

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24
Q

what are fast oxidative muscle fibres used for

A

prolonged but moderate work activities

eg jogging

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25
Q

do we have many fast oxidative muscles

A

no mainly slow oxidative and fast glytolytic muscle fibres

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26
Q

what are fast glytolytic muscle fibres used for

A

high intensity activities

eg jumping

27
Q

what are there lots of in fast glytolytic muscle fibres (2)

A

glycogen
enzymes for glycolysis

not much mitochondria bc no oxygen needed

28
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

sensory receptors for muscle stretching (increase firing when stretched)

29
Q

what nerve is knee jerk testing

A

femoral

30
Q

what nerve is ankle jerk testing

A

tibial

31
Q

what nerve is biceps jerk testing

A

musculocutaneous

32
Q

what nerve is brachioradialis jerk testing

A

radial

33
Q

what nerve is triceps jerk testing

A

radial

34
Q

how is cartilage nourished

A

diffusion from extracellular (it is avascular)

35
Q

what are chondroblasts

A

immature chondrocytes

36
Q

where are chondrocytes

A

in lacuna (extracellular matrix) of cartilage

37
Q

what do chondrocytes secrete

A

extracellular matrix - water, type II collagen, proteoglycans

38
Q

where do you find hyaline cartilage

A

nose

lots of places - most common

39
Q

where do you find elastic cartilage

A

ear

40
Q

where do you find fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis

intervertebral disc

41
Q

is cartilage permeable

A

yes

42
Q

is bone permeable

A

no

43
Q

how are bones nourished

A

blood supply (vascular)

44
Q

what are the blood vessel canals called that supply the bone

A

haversian canal

volkmanns canal

45
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

cell in bone matrix

‘Chews’ bone

46
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

bone forming cells on cell surface

osteoBlast = bone is ‘Born’

47
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

responsible for bone resorption on cell surface

osteoClast = bone is ‘Chewed’

48
Q

what is an osteoprogenitor cell

A

pool of reserve osteoblasts on bone surface

49
Q

what happens to synovial fluid over time

A

replenished and absorbed

50
Q

what colour is normal synovial fluid

A

clear and colourless

51
Q

what is red synovial fluid caused by

A

haemorrhagic arthritis

52
Q

what is yellow synovial fluid caused by

A

WBC

inflammatory or septic arthritis

53
Q

where is articular cartilage

A

on the articular surfaces of bones at joints

54
Q

function of articular cartilage

A

lubrication, reduce wear and tear

55
Q

what happens when the breakdown of extracellular matrix > synthesis of extracellular matrix

A

osteoarthritis

56
Q

what happens when the breakdown of extracellular matrix < synthesis of extracellular matrix

A

rheumatoid arthritis

57
Q

what are the contents of extracellular matrix

A

water
type II collagen
proteoglycans
chondrocytes (make extracellular matrix)

58
Q

where are muscle spindles

which direction do they run

A

muscle belly

parallel to muscle fibres

59
Q

energy source for <4 secs eg weight lifting

A

ATP

60
Q

energy source for <15 secs eg sprint

A

phosphocreatinine

61
Q

energy source for <4mins

A

free circulating glucose

62
Q

energy source for <77mins eg jog

A

glycogen stores

63
Q

energy source for >4days

A

fat stores

J MSK (30 decks)

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