Foot and ankle conditions Flashcards
position of foot when flat and pointed (like a ballerina)
equinus
what is pes planus
flat foot
think planus = plantar = plantar surface is flat on groud = flat footed
2 types of flat feet
fixed and flexible
which type of flat feet are completely normal and cause no problems
flexible flat feet
what is significant about fixed flat feet
painful
aetiology of flat feet in adults (not childhood problem)
tibialis posterior dysfunction
what is pes cavus
high arched foot
think cavus = cave = cave are arched = high arched foot
aetiology of pes cavus (2)
idiopathic
neurological
aetiology of UNILATERAL pes cavus (high arched foot) (1)
polio
neurological problems associated with pes cavus (high arched foot) (3)
polio
spina bifida
cerebral palsy
how can the toes present in pes cavus (high arched foot)
clawing of toes
what is plantar fasciitis
thickening of plantar fascia
aetiology of plantar fasciitis (3)
incorrect footwear
excessive exercise
obesity/diabetes
when is the pain worse is plantar fasciitis
when walking after rest
how does plantar fasciitis present (3)
pain
swelling
tenderness
treatment of plantar fasciitis (3+1 not)
self limiting over 18-24 months physio pain relief steroid injections NOT surgery
plantar fasciitis is self limiting, how long does it take to go away
18-24 months
whats the common name for hallux valgus
bunion
aetiology of hallux valgus (bunion)
improper footwear
old age
who are bunions (hallux valgus) most common
elderly women (think inappropriate footwear (heels) and old age risk factors)
why are the small toes sore in a bunion (hallux valgus)
big toe isnt doing its job properly = more pressure on them
treatment of bunion (hallux valgus) (4)
shoe modification
padding between first 2 toes
pain relief
surgery - last line
what is hallux rigidus
osteoarthritis of first MTP
treatment of hallux rigidus
pain relief
appropriate footwear
surgery last line
presentation of hallux rigidus
lump above 1st MTP (on dorsal surface not medially lime a bunion)
which rheumatological condition is bunions associated with
rheumatoid arthritis
mortons neuroma pathophysiology
degenerative fibrosis of digital nerve near its birufrcation in toe = neuroma forms
which group of people are most likely to get a Mortons neuroma
young women (think bc of heels)
how does mortons neuroma present
pain
tingling
loss of sensation in affected toes
pain when squeezing MTP joints
treatment of mortons neuroma
stretching
appropriate shoes
steroids
surgery
aetiology of Achilles tendonitis
repetitive stress on tendon and failure of collagen repair
what are steroids and ciprofloxacin risk factors for
Achilles tendonitis
which test is negative in Achilles tendonitis
Simmonds test - squeeze gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon should contract (wont in Achilles tendonitis
treatment of Achilles tendonitis (5+1 not)
rest short term - to allow repair movement long term - to strengthen tendon splint pain management surgery - last resort
NOT steroid injections
complications of Achilles tendonitis
Achilles tendon rupture
positive Simmonds test
Achilles tendon rupture
treatment of Achilles tendon rupture
surgery
4 types of toe deformity
claw toe
hammer toe
mallet toe
curly toe
treatment of toe deformities
surgery if painful - tendon transfer or amputation
which type of ankle sprain (lateral or medial ligament) is more common
lateral ligament
what does a lateral ligament ankle sprain cause (inversion or eversion)
inversion
what does a medial ligament ankle sprain cause (inversion or eversion
eversion
treatment of ankle sprains (3)
RICE - rest, ice, compress, elevated
physio
surgery - last resort
do fractures or sprains take longer to heel
sprains
treatment of ankle dislocation (soft tissue and bone problem)
splints
physio
high energy fall on foot without fracture
subtalar dislocation
subtalar dislocation treatment
open reduction, cast for 3 weeks
subtalar dislocation complication
AVN
know this for exams!
2nd metatarsal flake fracture
hyper plantar flexed foot
tarso-metatarsal dislocation (linsfranc fracture dislocation)
