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J MSK > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is the hip

A

synovial

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2
Q

where do the ligaments of the hip attach anteriorly (inferiorly)

A

intertrochanteric line

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3
Q

where do the ligaments of the hip attach posteriorly (inferiorly)

A

intertrochanteric crest

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the ligaments of the hip joint

A

strengthen joint

make it hard to dislocate hip

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5
Q

which major artery do the lateral and medial circumflex arteries (supply the hip joint) come off

A

deep/profundal femoral artery

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6
Q

what is the artery called that goes to the head of the femur

A

ligamentum teres artery

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7
Q

where does the ligamentum teres artery come from (supplies the head of the femur)

A

obturator artery

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8
Q

what is the insignificant blood supply to the head of the femur (couldnt supply the head on its own);

medial circumflex artery
lateral circumflex artery
ligamentum teres

A

ligamentum teres

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9
Q

what do the superficial gluteal (bum) muscles do

A

extend, abduct and medially rotate thigh

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10
Q

what are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

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11
Q

which of the gluteus muscles is most superficial

A

gluteus maximus

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12
Q

which nerve supplies the gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

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13
Q

which nerve supplies the gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

same as gluteus medius

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14
Q

which nerve supplies the gluteus minimus

A

superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

same as gluteus medius

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15
Q

which nerve is damaged in a trendelenurgs gait

hence which muscles are the ones that dont work

A

superior gluteus nerve (L5-S2)

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

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16
Q

where is the superior gluteal nerve located

A

deep to the gluteus medius (between the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus)

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17
Q

what is the tensor fascia lata

where is it

A

muscular attachment of the fascia lata

superficial gluteal region (bum)

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18
Q

what is the fascia lata

A

deep fascia in the thigh compartment

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19
Q

what do the deep gluteal muscles do

A

lateral rotation of thigh

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20
Q

what nerve supplies the deep gluteal muscles

A

sacral plexus

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21
Q

what are the deep gluteal muscles

A

piriformis
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris
obturator internus

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22
Q

what makes the greater sciatic foramen

A

greater sciatic notch and ligaments

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23
Q

what makes the less sciatic foramen

A

lesser sciatic notch and ligaments

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24
Q

where do nerves enter the pelvis

A

greater sciatic foramen

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25
Q

where do nerves enter the perineum

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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26
Q

what nerve branches are in the sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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27
Q

what are the branches of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

A

tibial

common fibular

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28
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

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29
Q

where does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) exit the pelvis

where is it in relation to the other structures that leave this place

A

greater sciatic foramen

most lateral

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30
Q

where do the branches of the sciatic nerve separate

what are the branches

A

distal thigh (superior apex of popliteal fossa)

tibial and common fibular/peroneal nerves

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31
Q

where does the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve travel

why is this significant

A

around the knee

easily damaged

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32
Q

what nerve plexuses are in the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

A

L4-S3

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33
Q

what nerve plexuses are in the common fibular/peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

A

L4-S2

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34
Q

what does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) supply

A

anterior, posterior and lateral leg
dorsum and sole of foot
posterior thigh

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35
Q

what does the tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)

A

posterior leg
posterior thigh
sole of foot

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36
Q

what does the common fibular/peroneal branch (L4-S2) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)

A

anterior leg
lateral leg
dorsum of foot

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37
Q

how does a damaged common fibular/peroneal nerve present

A

foot drop

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38
Q

what nerve is damage in foot drop

A

common fibular (L4-S2)

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39
Q

where does the median sural cutaneous nerve come from

A

tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve

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40
Q

where does the lateral sural cutaneous nerve come from

A

common fibular (L4-S2) branch of the sciatic nerve

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41
Q

what connects the sural nerves

A

sural communicating branch

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42
Q

where do the sural nerves arise

A

popliteal fossa

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43
Q

what does the obturator nerve (L2-S4) supply

A

medial thigh (motor and sensory)

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44
Q

what does the femoral nerve (L2-S4) supply

A

anterior thigh (motor and sensory)

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45
Q

what are the 2 cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve (L2-S4)

A

anterior cutaneous branch

saphenous branch

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46
Q

which nerve travels alongside the sciatic nerve

A

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (PCNT) (S1-S3)

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47
Q

what area of skin does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply

A

posterior thigh, lateral perineum, popliteal fossa

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48
Q

which nerve supplies the perineum

A

pudendal nerve

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49
Q

where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come from

A

lumbosacral plexus (L2-L3)

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50
Q

what are the nerves that supply the skin of the thigh (4)

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
obturator
femoral
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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51
Q

what are the nerves that supply the skin of the leg (2)

A

saphenous

sciatic

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52
Q

what is the superior border of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament

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53
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

lateral border of adductor longus

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54
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

A

medial border of the Sartorius

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55
Q

what is the floor of the femoral triangle

A

iliopsoas tendon and pectineus

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56
Q

what is the roof of the femoral triangle

A

deep fascia (fascia lata)

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57
Q

what are the contents of the

femoral triangle from superior to inferior and lateral to medial

A

NAVL

femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
Lymphatics (deep inguinal lymph nodes)

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58
Q

what 2 items that pass through the femoral triangle are enclosed in the femoral sheath

what is the significance of this

A

femoral artery and femoral vein

if you find one, the other is right next to it (ie find the femoral pulse and you can find the vein for cannulation etc)

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59
Q

what is the superior thickening of fascia lata called

A

tensor fascia lata

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60
Q

what is the inferior thickening of fascia lata called

A

iliotibial tract

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61
Q

what is the function of the anterior thigh (2)

A

flex hip

extend knee

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62
Q

what are the hip flexor muscles in the anterior thigh (3)

A

pectineus iliopsoas, Sartorius (longest muscle in the body)

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63
Q

what is the nerve supply of the muscles in the anterior thigh

A

femoral (L2-L4)

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64
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body

where does it run

A

Sartorius

from ASIS to tibia

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65
Q

what are the knee extensors in the anterior thigh

A

quads - 4 muscles, idc the names lol

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66
Q

what is the function of the medial thigh

A

adduct hip

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67
Q

what is the muscles in the medial thigh (5)

A 
adductor longus 
adductor brevis 
adductor magnus
gracilis
obturator externus
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68
Q

what is the nerve supply of the medial thigh

A

obturator (L2-L4)

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69
Q

what is the function of the posterior thigh (2)

A

extension of hip
flexion of knee

opposite to anterior thigh

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70
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior thigh

A

semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris

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71
Q

what is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh

A

tibial branch of sciatic (L5-S3)

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72
Q

what is the laymans term for the posterior thigh

A

hamstrings

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73
Q

which of the 3 posterior thigh muscles has 2 heads

A

biceps femoris

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74
Q

which bone is not involved in the knee joint (that is in the area)

A

fibula

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75
Q

what type of joint is the knee

A

synovial

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76
Q

where is the suprapatellar bursa

what is it

A

above the patella (knee cap)

extension of the synovial cavity (can be filled if there is excess fluid)

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77
Q

where is the infrapatellar bursa

A

below the patella

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78
Q

where is the prepatellar bursa

A

superficial to the patella

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79
Q

what shape are the menisci in the knee

A

crescent shaped

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80
Q

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

superolaterally - biceps femoris
superomedially - semimembranous/semitendinous
inferiorly - gastrocnemius
roof - popliteal fascia

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81
Q

contents of the popliteal fossa (5)

A 
tibial nerve (from sciativ nerve) 
popliteal vein (continuation of posterior tibial vein)
popliteal artery (continuation of femoral artery)
terminal small saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein here) 
popliteal lymph nodes
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82
Q

which nerves arise in the popliteal fossa

A

sural nerves

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83
Q

what is the function of the anterior leg (2)

A

dorsiflexion of ankle

extension of toes

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84
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior leg

A

not learning lol

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85
Q

what is the nerve supply to the anterior leg

A

deep fibular/peroneal nerve (L4-L5) branch of sciatic

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86
Q

what is the function of the lateral leg (2)

A

eversion of foot

plantarflexion of ankle

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87
Q

what are the muscles in the lateral leg

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

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88
Q

what is the nerve supply to the lateral leg

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)

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89
Q

what is the fabella

A

a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)

90
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior leg (3 superficial + lots of deep)

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

not learning the deep ones lol

91
Q

what is the nerve supply of the posterior leg

A

tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)

92
Q

where does the Achilles tendon attach superiorly (3)

A

gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus

the superficial posterior leg muscles

93
Q

what is the fabella

A

a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)

94
Q

what is the longest tendon in the body, where is it

why is this significant clinically

A

plantaris tendon in posterior leg

used for tendon transfers

95
Q

what is the order of things entering the foot behind the medial malleolus

A

(Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)

Tibialis posterior tendon 
flexor Digitorum longus tendon
posterior tibial Artery 
posterior tibial Vein 
tibial Nerve 
flexor Halluces longus tendon
96
Q

what is the extensor retinaculum

why is it important

A

a ligament that keeps the tendons that enter the foot in place

97
Q

what type of joint is the ankle

A

synovial

98
Q

bones involved in medial longitudinal arch of the foot

A 
calcaneus
talus 
navicular 
cuneiforms 
metatarsal 1, 2, 3
99
Q

bones involved in lateral longitudinal arch of the foot

A

calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsal 4, 5

100
Q

bones involved in transverse arch of foot

A

cuboid
3 cuneiforms
base of 5 metatarsals

101
Q

what supports the arches of the foot

A

plantar aponeurosis

102
Q

motor supply to sole of foot

A

tibial nerve

103
Q

motor supply to dorsum of foot

A

deep fibular/peroneal nerve

104
Q

sensory supply to dorsum of foot (4)

A

superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
sural nerve (lateral)
saphenous nerve (medial)

105
Q

sensory supply to sole of foot (3)

A 
tibial nerve (most)
sural nerve (lateral)
saphenous nerve (medial)
106
Q

where doe lymphatics from the foot follow

A

great and small saphenous veins

107
Q

which nerve supplies the deltoid

A

axillary nerve (think bc its near the axilla)

108
Q

what is the function of the deltoid (3)

A

extension
abduction
flexion

of shoulder

109
Q

what are the 3 parts of the deltoid

A

anterior
middle
posterior

110
Q

what is the function of the trapezius

A

rotates scapula

111
Q

which nerve supplies trapezius

A

CN XI (accessory nerve)

112
Q

how many sets of fibres are there in the trapezius

A

3

113
Q

which muscle lies deep to the trapezius and elevates scapula

A

levator scapulae

114
Q

what are the rotator cuff muscles

A

SITS;

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

115
Q

which of the rotator cuff muscles attach to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus (rest attach to the greater tuberosity)

A

subscapularis (the anterior one)

116
Q

where is the subscapularis in relation to the scapula

A

anterior surface, on the ‘inside’ of it

117
Q

where is the supraspinatus in relation to the scapula

A

posterior surface, above the spine of the scapula

118
Q

where is the infraspinatus in relation to the scapula

A

posterior surface, below the spine of the scapula

119
Q

where is the teres minor in relation to the other rotator cuff muscles

A

below the infraspinatus

120
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles

A

stabilise shoulder joint

121
Q

which nerve supplies the rotator cuff muscles

A

brachial plexus

122
Q

what is the pneumonic for the sections of the brachial plexus

A 
Really = Roots  
Tired = Trunks 
Drink = Divisions 
Coffee = Chords 
Now = Nerves
123
Q

which 3 rami involved in the brachial plexus give rise to the long thoracic nerve

A

C5, C6, C7

124
Q

the anterior rami of which nerves are involved in the brachial plexus

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

125
Q

where does the superior trunk of the brachial plexus come from

A

C5 and C6 anterior rami

126
Q

where does the middle trunk of the brachial plexus come from

A

C7 anterior rami

127
Q

where does the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus come from

A

C8 and T1 anterior rami

128
Q

what happens to the trunks in the brachial plexus for them to turn into divisions

A

each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division

129
Q

which divisions does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus come from

A

all 3 posterior divisions (from superior, middle and inferior trunks)

130
Q

which divisions does the lateral chord of the brachial plexus come from

A

the anterior division of the superior and middle trunks

131
Q

which divisions does the medial chord of the brachial plexus come from

A

the anterior division of the inferior trunk

132
Q

what 2 nerves does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus divide into

A

radial and axillary

133
Q

from which 2 chords of the brachial plexus does the median nerve come from

A

lateral and medial chords

134
Q

from which chord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from

A

lateral chord

135
Q

from which chord does the ulnar nerve come from

A

medial chord

136
Q

musculocutaneous nerve motor supply

A

anterior arm

137
Q

median nerve motor supply

A

anterior forearm

138
Q

ulnar nerve motor supply

A

hand

139
Q

axillary nerve motor supply (2)

A

deltoid

teres minor

140
Q

radial nerve motor supply (2)

A

posterior arm

posterior forearm

141
Q

which nerve is damaged when there is wrist drop

A

radial nerve

142
Q

axillary nerve sensory supply

A

badge patch

143
Q

radial nerve sensory supply (2)

A

lateral half of dorsal hand

palmar thumb

144
Q

which nerve is susceptible to mid shaft humerus fracture

A

radial

145
Q

how does damage to the radial nerve present

A

wrist drop

146
Q

what is a branch of the median nerve

A

palmar cutaneous branch

147
Q

where is the axillary artery in relation to the brachial plexus

A

between the lateral and medial cords

148
Q

what is the acromoclavicular joint between

what kind of joint is it

A

between acromium of scapula and clavicle

plane type joint

149
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint between

what kind of joint is it

A

between the glenoid process of the scapula and the humerus

ball and socket joint

150
Q

what is the labrum of the shoulder

purpose

A

fibrous layer in shoulder

stabilises joint

151
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior arm

A

BBC

brachialis
biceps brachii
coracobrachialis (up the top)

152
Q

what is the function of the anterior arm

A

flex arm and forearm

153
Q

what is the nerve supply of the anterior arm

A

musculocutaneous

154
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior arm

A

triceps brahcii

155
Q

what is the function of the posterior arm

A

extend arm and forearm

156
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior arm

A

radial

157
Q

what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow

A

lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
annular ligament

158
Q

sensory innervation of the cubital fossa

A

cutaneous nerve of the arm and cutaneous nerve of the forearm

159
Q

which nerves travel in the cubital fossa of the elbow

which one travels behind the supracondylar process instead

A

radial
median

ulnar

160
Q

which bone lies laterally in anatomical position (ulna or radius)

A

radius

161
Q

what is the function of the anterior forearm (2)

A

flexion of wrist

pronation of wrist

162
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior forearm

A

dont bother learning lol

163
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior forearm

A

median (apart from 2 that are ulnar)

164
Q

what is the function of the posterior forearm

A

extend wrist

supination of wrist

165
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior forearm

A

dont bother learning lol

166
Q

what is the nerve supply of the posterior forearm

A

radial (posterior interosseous branch)

167
Q

how do the anterior forearm muscles attach superiorly

A

common flexor tendon attaches them to the medial epicondyle

168
Q

what condition is associated with the common flexor tendon (of the anterior forearm) and its attachment to the medial epicondyle

A

golfers elbow

169
Q

how do tendons attach to the phalanges in the hand

A

by pulleys

170
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum

A

ligament that keeps tendons in place (stops them from ‘bowstringing’)

171
Q

what is the palmar aponeurosis

A

contains tendons in the palm of the hand before they divide into fingers as fibrous digital sheaths

172
Q

why are fibrous digital sheaths important in the fingers

A

create a tunnel for the synovial sheaths to travel through

173
Q

what is the pollicis brevis

A

thumb

174
Q

what is the digiti minimi

A

little finger

175
Q

what is the thenar eminence of the hand

which muscles make up the thenar eminence

A

thumb muscles (Thenar = Thumb)

abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, oppons pollicis

176
Q

what is the hypothenar eminence

which muscles make up the hypothenar eminence

A

little finger muscles

abductor digitis minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponene digitis minimi

177
Q

what is the innervation of the thenar eminence

A

recurrent branch of median nerve

178
Q

what is the innervation of the hypothenar eminence

A

deep branch of the ulnar nerve

179
Q

where do the tendons attach in the hand

A

to a phalange (proximal, middle or distal)

180
Q

where do lumbricals attach in the hand

A

to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

181
Q

how many lumbricals do you have

A

4 - one for each finger

182
Q

where do interossei attach in the hand

A

between metacarpals and proximal phalanges

183
Q

how many interossei are there

which fingers do they attach to

A

7

only 1 on little finger, none on thumb

184
Q

what are your interossei also known as

A

your ‘DAB PAD’s (to do with their location and function)

185
Q

what do dorsal interossei do

A

abduction

DAB - Dorsal = ABduction

186
Q

what do palmar interossei do

A

adduction

PAD - Palmer = ADduction

187
Q

what innervates the interossei

A

ulnar

does most of hand

188
Q

what doesnt the ulnar nerve supply in the hand

A

3 thenar muscles

2 lateral lumbricals

189
Q

what is seen when the ulnar nerve is damaged

condition and explanation

A

claw hand - thumb and lateral 2 fingers can move, everything else cant (bc its supplied by ulnar)

190
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the ulnar nerve in the hand

A

ulnar 1.5 fingers (palmar and dorsal)

191
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the median nerve in the hand

A

most of palm (apart from ulnar 1.5 fingers and small bit of thumb)
tips (incl nail) of radial 3.5 fingers on dorsal surface

192
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the radial nerve in the hand

A

small bit of palmar thumb

most of dorsal surface (apart from finger tips and ulnar 1.5 finger)

193
Q

what anatomical feature is in the anatomical snuff box

A

radial artery

194
Q

what 10 things go through the carpal tunnel

A

median nerve

9 flexor tendons (2 for each finger, 1 for thumb)

195
Q

which branch of the median nerve doesnt go through the carpal tunnel (hence not affected by carpal tunnel syndrome

A

palmar cutaneous branch

196
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there

A

7

197
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

198
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

199
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there

A

5 (fuse to form 1 sacrum)

200
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there

A

4 (fuse to form 1 coccyx)

201
Q

is cervical curvature primary or secondary

A

secondary

202
Q

which 2 curvature are primary

A

thoracic and sacral

203
Q

what is different about C1 (atlas) from other cervical vertebrae

A

no body
no spinous process

posterior and anterior arches instead

204
Q

what is different about C2 (axis) form other cervical vertebrae

A

has an odontoid process (dens) - the body that should’ve been on C1

205
Q

what is the first palpable spinous process (in 70% of people)

A

C7

206
Q

why are intervertebral ligaments important

A

vertebrae would become misaligned without them

207
Q

what investigation would you do if vertebrae were misaligned

why

A

MRI

look at intervertebral ligaments

208
Q

where is the cauda equina

A

lumbar vertebrae

209
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

bundle of nerves below the spinal cord

210
Q

what is removed from the spinal cord in a lumbar puncture

where is it from

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

subarachnoid space around the spinal cord

211
Q

which part of the spine should you do a lumbar puncture in

how do you find this (without counting the vertebrae lol)

A

L3/4 (spinal cord stops at L1/2)

iliac crests

212
Q

claw hand

A

ulnar nerve injury

213
Q

what does the gluteus maximus do

A

extend hip

214
Q

what does the gluteus minimus and medius do

A

abduct and medially rotate thigh

215
Q

nerve tested in knee jerk (and source)

A

femoral L3-4

216
Q

nerve tested in ankle jerk (and source)

A

tibial S1-2

217
Q

nerve tested in brachioradialis jerk (and source)

A

radial nerve C5-6

218
Q

nerve tested in bicep jerk (and source)

A

musculocutaneous nerve C5-6

219
Q

nerve tested in tricep jerk (and source)

A

radial nerve C6-7

220
Q

which 2 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are not innervated by the median nerve

what are they innervated by

A

flexor carpi ulnaris
medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

ulnar

J MSK (30 decks)

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