ANATOMY Flashcards
what type of joint is the hip
synovial
where do the ligaments of the hip attach anteriorly (inferiorly)
intertrochanteric line
where do the ligaments of the hip attach posteriorly (inferiorly)
intertrochanteric crest
what is the purpose of the ligaments of the hip joint
strengthen joint
make it hard to dislocate hip
which major artery do the lateral and medial circumflex arteries (supply the hip joint) come off
deep/profundal femoral artery
what is the artery called that goes to the head of the femur
ligamentum teres artery
where does the ligamentum teres artery come from (supplies the head of the femur)
obturator artery
what is the insignificant blood supply to the head of the femur (couldnt supply the head on its own);
medial circumflex artery
lateral circumflex artery
ligamentum teres
ligamentum teres
what do the superficial gluteal (bum) muscles do
extend, abduct and medially rotate thigh
what are the superficial gluteal muscles
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
which of the gluteus muscles is most superficial
gluteus maximus
which nerve supplies the gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
which nerve supplies the gluteus medius
superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
same as gluteus medius
which nerve supplies the gluteus minimus
superior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
same as gluteus medius
which nerve is damaged in a trendelenurgs gait
hence which muscles are the ones that dont work
superior gluteus nerve (L5-S2)
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
where is the superior gluteal nerve located
deep to the gluteus medius (between the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus)
what is the tensor fascia lata
where is it
muscular attachment of the fascia lata
superficial gluteal region (bum)
what is the fascia lata
deep fascia in the thigh compartment
what do the deep gluteal muscles do
lateral rotation of thigh
what nerve supplies the deep gluteal muscles
sacral plexus
what are the deep gluteal muscles
piriformis
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris
obturator internus
what makes the greater sciatic foramen
greater sciatic notch and ligaments
what makes the less sciatic foramen
lesser sciatic notch and ligaments
where do nerves enter the pelvis
greater sciatic foramen
where do nerves enter the perineum
lesser sciatic foramen
what nerve branches are in the sciatic nerve
L4-S3
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
tibial
common fibular
what is the largest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
where does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) exit the pelvis
where is it in relation to the other structures that leave this place
greater sciatic foramen
most lateral
where do the branches of the sciatic nerve separate
what are the branches
distal thigh (superior apex of popliteal fossa)
tibial and common fibular/peroneal nerves
where does the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve travel
why is this significant
around the knee
easily damaged
what nerve plexuses are in the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
L4-S3
what nerve plexuses are in the common fibular/peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
L4-S2
what does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) supply
anterior, posterior and lateral leg
dorsum and sole of foot
posterior thigh
what does the tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)
posterior leg
posterior thigh
sole of foot
what does the common fibular/peroneal branch (L4-S2) of the sciatic nerve supply (3)
anterior leg
lateral leg
dorsum of foot
how does a damaged common fibular/peroneal nerve present
foot drop
what nerve is damage in foot drop
common fibular (L4-S2)
where does the median sural cutaneous nerve come from
tibial branch (L4-S3) of the sciatic nerve
where does the lateral sural cutaneous nerve come from
common fibular (L4-S2) branch of the sciatic nerve
what connects the sural nerves
sural communicating branch
where do the sural nerves arise
popliteal fossa
what does the obturator nerve (L2-S4) supply
medial thigh (motor and sensory)
what does the femoral nerve (L2-S4) supply
anterior thigh (motor and sensory)
what are the 2 cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve (L2-S4)
anterior cutaneous branch
saphenous branch
which nerve travels alongside the sciatic nerve
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (PCNT) (S1-S3)
what area of skin does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply
posterior thigh, lateral perineum, popliteal fossa
which nerve supplies the perineum
pudendal nerve
where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh come from
lumbosacral plexus (L2-L3)
what are the nerves that supply the skin of the thigh (4)
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
obturator
femoral
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
what are the nerves that supply the skin of the leg (2)
saphenous
sciatic
what is the superior border of the femoral triangle
inguinal ligament
what is the medial border of the femoral triangle
lateral border of adductor longus
what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle
medial border of the Sartorius
what is the floor of the femoral triangle
iliopsoas tendon and pectineus
what is the roof of the femoral triangle
deep fascia (fascia lata)
what are the contents of the
femoral triangle from superior to inferior and lateral to medial
NAVL
femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
Lymphatics (deep inguinal lymph nodes)
what 2 items that pass through the femoral triangle are enclosed in the femoral sheath
what is the significance of this
femoral artery and femoral vein
if you find one, the other is right next to it (ie find the femoral pulse and you can find the vein for cannulation etc)
what is the superior thickening of fascia lata called
tensor fascia lata
what is the inferior thickening of fascia lata called
iliotibial tract
what is the function of the anterior thigh (2)
flex hip
extend knee
what are the hip flexor muscles in the anterior thigh (3)
pectineus iliopsoas, Sartorius (longest muscle in the body)
what is the nerve supply of the muscles in the anterior thigh
femoral (L2-L4)
what is the longest muscle in the body
where does it run
Sartorius
from ASIS to tibia
what are the knee extensors in the anterior thigh
quads - 4 muscles, idc the names lol
what is the function of the medial thigh
adduct hip
what is the muscles in the medial thigh (5)
adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracilis obturator externus
what is the nerve supply of the medial thigh
obturator (L2-L4)
what is the function of the posterior thigh (2)
extension of hip
flexion of knee
opposite to anterior thigh
what are the muscles in the posterior thigh
semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris
what is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh
tibial branch of sciatic (L5-S3)
what is the laymans term for the posterior thigh
hamstrings
which of the 3 posterior thigh muscles has 2 heads
biceps femoris
which bone is not involved in the knee joint (that is in the area)
fibula
what type of joint is the knee
synovial
where is the suprapatellar bursa
what is it
above the patella (knee cap)
extension of the synovial cavity (can be filled if there is excess fluid)
where is the infrapatellar bursa
below the patella
where is the prepatellar bursa
superficial to the patella
what shape are the menisci in the knee
crescent shaped
what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
superolaterally - biceps femoris
superomedially - semimembranous/semitendinous
inferiorly - gastrocnemius
roof - popliteal fascia
contents of the popliteal fossa (5)
tibial nerve (from sciativ nerve) popliteal vein (continuation of posterior tibial vein) popliteal artery (continuation of femoral artery) terminal small saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein here) popliteal lymph nodes
which nerves arise in the popliteal fossa
sural nerves
what is the function of the anterior leg (2)
dorsiflexion of ankle
extension of toes
what are the muscles of the anterior leg
not learning lol
what is the nerve supply to the anterior leg
deep fibular/peroneal nerve (L4-L5) branch of sciatic
what is the function of the lateral leg (2)
eversion of foot
plantarflexion of ankle
what are the muscles in the lateral leg
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
what is the nerve supply to the lateral leg
superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
what is the fabella
a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)
what are the muscles in the posterior leg (3 superficial + lots of deep)
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
not learning the deep ones lol
what is the nerve supply of the posterior leg
tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)
where does the Achilles tendon attach superiorly (3)
gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus
the superficial posterior leg muscles
what is the fabella
a sesamoid bone found in the head of the gastrocnemius (normal on xray)
what is the longest tendon in the body, where is it
why is this significant clinically
plantaris tendon in posterior leg
used for tendon transfers
what is the order of things entering the foot behind the medial malleolus
(Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry)
Tibialis posterior tendon flexor Digitorum longus tendon posterior tibial Artery posterior tibial Vein tibial Nerve flexor Halluces longus tendon
what is the extensor retinaculum
why is it important
a ligament that keeps the tendons that enter the foot in place
what type of joint is the ankle
synovial
bones involved in medial longitudinal arch of the foot
calcaneus talus navicular cuneiforms metatarsal 1, 2, 3
bones involved in lateral longitudinal arch of the foot
calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsal 4, 5
bones involved in transverse arch of foot
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
base of 5 metatarsals
what supports the arches of the foot
plantar aponeurosis
motor supply to sole of foot
tibial nerve
motor supply to dorsum of foot
deep fibular/peroneal nerve
sensory supply to dorsum of foot (4)
superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
sural nerve (lateral)
saphenous nerve (medial)
sensory supply to sole of foot (3)
tibial nerve (most) sural nerve (lateral) saphenous nerve (medial)
where doe lymphatics from the foot follow
great and small saphenous veins
which nerve supplies the deltoid
axillary nerve (think bc its near the axilla)
what is the function of the deltoid (3)
extension
abduction
flexion
of shoulder
what are the 3 parts of the deltoid
anterior
middle
posterior
what is the function of the trapezius
rotates scapula
which nerve supplies trapezius
CN XI (accessory nerve)
how many sets of fibres are there in the trapezius
3
which muscle lies deep to the trapezius and elevates scapula
levator scapulae
what are the rotator cuff muscles
SITS;
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
which of the rotator cuff muscles attach to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus (rest attach to the greater tuberosity)
subscapularis (the anterior one)
where is the subscapularis in relation to the scapula
anterior surface, on the ‘inside’ of it
where is the supraspinatus in relation to the scapula
posterior surface, above the spine of the scapula
where is the infraspinatus in relation to the scapula
posterior surface, below the spine of the scapula
where is the teres minor in relation to the other rotator cuff muscles
below the infraspinatus
what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles
stabilise shoulder joint
which nerve supplies the rotator cuff muscles
brachial plexus
what is the pneumonic for the sections of the brachial plexus
Really = Roots Tired = Trunks Drink = Divisions Coffee = Chords Now = Nerves
which 3 rami involved in the brachial plexus give rise to the long thoracic nerve
C5, C6, C7
the anterior rami of which nerves are involved in the brachial plexus
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
where does the superior trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C5 and C6 anterior rami
where does the middle trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C7 anterior rami
where does the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus come from
C8 and T1 anterior rami
what happens to the trunks in the brachial plexus for them to turn into divisions
each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division
which divisions does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus come from
all 3 posterior divisions (from superior, middle and inferior trunks)
which divisions does the lateral chord of the brachial plexus come from
the anterior division of the superior and middle trunks
which divisions does the medial chord of the brachial plexus come from
the anterior division of the inferior trunk
what 2 nerves does the posterior chord of the brachial plexus divide into
radial and axillary
from which 2 chords of the brachial plexus does the median nerve come from
lateral and medial chords
from which chord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from
lateral chord
from which chord does the ulnar nerve come from
medial chord
musculocutaneous nerve motor supply
anterior arm
median nerve motor supply
anterior forearm
ulnar nerve motor supply
hand
axillary nerve motor supply (2)
deltoid
teres minor
radial nerve motor supply (2)
posterior arm
posterior forearm
which nerve is damaged when there is wrist drop
radial nerve
axillary nerve sensory supply
badge patch
radial nerve sensory supply (2)
lateral half of dorsal hand
palmar thumb
which nerve is susceptible to mid shaft humerus fracture
radial
how does damage to the radial nerve present
wrist drop
what is a branch of the median nerve
palmar cutaneous branch
where is the axillary artery in relation to the brachial plexus
between the lateral and medial cords
what is the acromoclavicular joint between
what kind of joint is it
between acromium of scapula and clavicle
plane type joint
what is the glenohumeral joint between
what kind of joint is it
between the glenoid process of the scapula and the humerus
ball and socket joint
what is the labrum of the shoulder
purpose
fibrous layer in shoulder
stabilises joint
what are the muscles in the anterior arm
BBC
brachialis
biceps brachii
coracobrachialis (up the top)
what is the function of the anterior arm
flex arm and forearm
what is the nerve supply of the anterior arm
musculocutaneous
what are the muscles in the posterior arm
triceps brahcii
what is the function of the posterior arm
extend arm and forearm
what is the innervation of the posterior arm
radial
what are the 3 ligaments of the elbow
lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
annular ligament
sensory innervation of the cubital fossa
cutaneous nerve of the arm and cutaneous nerve of the forearm
which nerves travel in the cubital fossa of the elbow
which one travels behind the supracondylar process instead
radial
median
ulnar
which bone lies laterally in anatomical position (ulna or radius)
radius
what is the function of the anterior forearm (2)
flexion of wrist
pronation of wrist
what are the muscles of the anterior forearm
dont bother learning lol
what is the innervation of the anterior forearm
median (apart from 2 that are ulnar)
what is the function of the posterior forearm
extend wrist
supination of wrist
what are the muscles in the posterior forearm
dont bother learning lol
what is the nerve supply of the posterior forearm
radial (posterior interosseous branch)
how do the anterior forearm muscles attach superiorly
common flexor tendon attaches them to the medial epicondyle
what condition is associated with the common flexor tendon (of the anterior forearm) and its attachment to the medial epicondyle
golfers elbow
how do tendons attach to the phalanges in the hand
by pulleys
what is the flexor retinaculum
ligament that keeps tendons in place (stops them from ‘bowstringing’)
what is the palmar aponeurosis
contains tendons in the palm of the hand before they divide into fingers as fibrous digital sheaths
why are fibrous digital sheaths important in the fingers
create a tunnel for the synovial sheaths to travel through
what is the pollicis brevis
thumb
what is the digiti minimi
little finger
what is the thenar eminence of the hand
which muscles make up the thenar eminence
thumb muscles (Thenar = Thumb)
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, oppons pollicis
what is the hypothenar eminence
which muscles make up the hypothenar eminence
little finger muscles
abductor digitis minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponene digitis minimi
what is the innervation of the thenar eminence
recurrent branch of median nerve
what is the innervation of the hypothenar eminence
deep branch of the ulnar nerve
where do the tendons attach in the hand
to a phalange (proximal, middle or distal)
where do lumbricals attach in the hand
to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
how many lumbricals do you have
4 - one for each finger
where do interossei attach in the hand
between metacarpals and proximal phalanges
how many interossei are there
which fingers do they attach to
7
only 1 on little finger, none on thumb
what are your interossei also known as
your ‘DAB PAD’s (to do with their location and function)
what do dorsal interossei do
abduction
DAB - Dorsal = ABduction
what do palmar interossei do
adduction
PAD - Palmer = ADduction
what innervates the interossei
ulnar
does most of hand
what doesnt the ulnar nerve supply in the hand
3 thenar muscles
2 lateral lumbricals
what is seen when the ulnar nerve is damaged
condition and explanation
claw hand - thumb and lateral 2 fingers can move, everything else cant (bc its supplied by ulnar)
what is the sensory innervation of the ulnar nerve in the hand
ulnar 1.5 fingers (palmar and dorsal)
what is the sensory innervation of the median nerve in the hand
most of palm (apart from ulnar 1.5 fingers and small bit of thumb)
tips (incl nail) of radial 3.5 fingers on dorsal surface
what is the sensory innervation of the radial nerve in the hand
small bit of palmar thumb
most of dorsal surface (apart from finger tips and ulnar 1.5 finger)
what anatomical feature is in the anatomical snuff box
radial artery
what 10 things go through the carpal tunnel
median nerve
9 flexor tendons (2 for each finger, 1 for thumb)
which branch of the median nerve doesnt go through the carpal tunnel (hence not affected by carpal tunnel syndrome
palmar cutaneous branch
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5 (fuse to form 1 sacrum)
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
4 (fuse to form 1 coccyx)
is cervical curvature primary or secondary
secondary
which 2 curvature are primary
thoracic and sacral
what is different about C1 (atlas) from other cervical vertebrae
no body
no spinous process
posterior and anterior arches instead
what is different about C2 (axis) form other cervical vertebrae
has an odontoid process (dens) - the body that should’ve been on C1
what is the first palpable spinous process (in 70% of people)
C7
why are intervertebral ligaments important
vertebrae would become misaligned without them
what investigation would you do if vertebrae were misaligned
why
MRI
look at intervertebral ligaments
where is the cauda equina
lumbar vertebrae
what is the cauda equina
bundle of nerves below the spinal cord
what is removed from the spinal cord in a lumbar puncture
where is it from
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
subarachnoid space around the spinal cord
which part of the spine should you do a lumbar puncture in
how do you find this (without counting the vertebrae lol)
L3/4 (spinal cord stops at L1/2)
iliac crests
claw hand
ulnar nerve injury
what does the gluteus maximus do
extend hip
what does the gluteus minimus and medius do
abduct and medially rotate thigh
nerve tested in knee jerk (and source)
femoral L3-4
nerve tested in ankle jerk (and source)
tibial S1-2
nerve tested in brachioradialis jerk (and source)
radial nerve C5-6
nerve tested in bicep jerk (and source)
musculocutaneous nerve C5-6
nerve tested in tricep jerk (and source)
radial nerve C6-7
which 2 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are not innervated by the median nerve
what are they innervated by
flexor carpi ulnaris
medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
ulnar
