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Year 13 F Block > Physiology: Long term responses to exercise > Flashcards

Physiology: Long term responses to exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term tidal volume

A

The amount of air inspired and expired per breath

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2
Q

Define the term inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in

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3
Q

Define the term expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air that can breathed out

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4
Q

Define the term vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after maximal inhalation

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5
Q

Outline the relationship between inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and vital capacity (VC)

A

IRV + ERV = VC

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6
Q

Define the term residual volume

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

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7
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

A

It increases

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8
Q

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

A

It decreases

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9
Q

Define the term minute ventilation

A

The amount of air breathed in and out per minute

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10
Q

Define the term respiratory frequency

A

The number of breaths taken per minute

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11
Q

Outline the relationship between tidal volume, minute ventilation and respiratory frequency

A

Tidal volume x respiratory frequency = minute ventilation

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12
Q

Explain the term anticipatory rise

A

Increase in heart rate prior to exercise caused by adrenaline

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13
Q

What does the term steady state mean

A

When the performer is providing sufficient oxygen to the working muscles to resynthesise ATP aerobically

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14
Q

Is steady state reached sooner or later when working at high intensity?

A

Later

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15
Q

Is steady state reached sooner or later when working at low intensity?

A

Sooner

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16
Q

Would a trained performer reach steady state sooner or later than an untrained performer?

A

Sooner

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17
Q

What does PO2 stand for?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

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18
Q

What does PCO2 stand for?

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a high PO2?

A

In the alveoli

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20
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a low PO2?

A

In the capillary

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21
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where does oxygen move from and where does it move into?

A

From the alveoli to the capillary

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22
Q

What does diffusion mean?

A

Moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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23
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a high PCO2?

A

In the capillary

24
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a low PCO2?

A

In the alveoli

25
Q

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and to?

A

Diffuses from the capillary to the alveoli

26
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a high PO2?

A

In the capillary

27
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a low PO2?

A

In the muscle

28
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where does oxygen diffuse from and into

A

From the capillary to the muscle

29
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a high PCO2?

A

In the muscle

30
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a low PCO2?

A

In the capillary

31
Q

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and into?

A

From the muscle into the capillary

32
Q

Outline the functions of myoglobin

A

Stores O2
Found in the muscle
High affinity for oxygen

33
Q

Is more or less oxygen exhaled during exercise? Why?

A

Less
Because more is being used by the muscles

34
Q

Is more or less carbon dioxide exhaled during exercise? Why?

A

More
Because the muscles are producing more as a waste product

35
Q

Identify 3 features that assist gaseous exchange at the lungs

A

One cell thick walls
Large surface area
Narrow diameter

36
Q

Give 3 reasons why aerobic training improves the ability to transport oxygen

A

Increase % of alveoli used
Increased production of red blood cells
Increase myoglobin content in the muscle

37
Q

Where are nerve impulses sent to by receptors to control breathing rate?

A

Respiratory control centre in the medulla

38
Q

Where does the respiratory control centre send nerve impulses to control breathing rate?

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm

39
Q

Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

To allow the performer to recover after exercise

40
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate

A

Increases it

41
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A

Decreases it

42
Q

Define the term VO2 Max

A

The maximum amount of oxygen utilised by the body per minute

43
Q

Define the term lactate threshold

A

The point at which more lactic acid is produced than removed

44
Q

What does OBLA stand for?

A

Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation

45
Q

Define the term OBLA

A

The point at which lactic acid builds up in the blood and fatigue sets in

46
Q

Lactate threshold is a _____________ of VO2 Max

A

Percentage

47
Q

As VO2 Max increases, lactate threshold _________

A

Increases

48
Q

As VO2 Max increase, OBLA is _____________

A

Delayed

49
Q

Identify 3 adaptations to aerobic exercise

A

Cardiac hypertrophy
Increased percentage of alveoli used
Increased myoglobin content in the muscle
Increased mitochondrial density
Increased triglyceride stores

50
Q

How does cardiac hypertrophy benefit aerobic performance?

A

The performer has an increased stroke volume, increasing oxygen delivery

51
Q

Why does an increased % of alveoli usage improve aerobic performance?

A

There are more sites for diffusion in the lungs

52
Q

Why does increased myoglobin content benefit aerobic performance?

A

Allows the muscle to extract more O2 from the bloodstream

53
Q

How does an increased mitochondrial density benefit aerobic performance?

A

Allows the performer to resynthesise more ATP

54
Q

Why do increased triglyceride stores benefit aerobic performance?

A

Can be broken down to provide an aerobic energy source

55
Q

Why does hypertrophy of type 2b muscle fibres benefit anaerobic exercise?

A

They become thicker in diameter, which increases force of contraction

56
Q

Why does increased recruitment of motor units benefit anaerobic exercise?

A

Increases the overall force of contraction

57
Q

Why do increased stores of PC benefit anaerobic performance?

A

Allow the performer to use the ATP-PC system for longer

Year 13 F Block (42 decks)

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