Physiology: Long term responses to exercise

Question 1

Define the term tidal volume

Answer 1

The amount of air inspired and expired per breath

Question 2

Define the term inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 2

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in

Question 3

Define the term expiratory reserve volume

Answer 3

The maximum amount of air that can breathed out

Question 4

Define the term vital capacity

Answer 4

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after maximal inhalation

Question 5

Outline the relationship between inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and vital capacity (VC)

Answer 5

IRV + ERV = VC

Question 6

Define the term residual volume

Answer 6

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Question 7

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

Answer 7

It increases

Question 8

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 8

It decreases

Question 9

Define the term minute ventilation

Answer 9

The amount of air breathed in and out per minute

Question 10

Define the term respiratory frequency

Answer 10

The number of breaths taken per minute

Question 11

Outline the relationship between tidal volume, minute ventilation and respiratory frequency

Answer 11

Tidal volume x respiratory frequency = minute ventilation

Question 12

Explain the term anticipatory rise

Answer 12

Increase in heart rate prior to exercise caused by adrenaline

Question 13

What does the term steady state mean

Answer 13

When the performer is providing sufficient oxygen to the working muscles to resynthesise ATP aerobically

Question 14

Is steady state reached sooner or later when working at high intensity?

Answer 14

Later

Question 15

Is steady state reached sooner or later when working at low intensity?

Answer 15

Sooner

Question 16

Would a trained performer reach steady state sooner or later than an untrained performer?

Answer 16

Sooner

Question 17

What does PO2 stand for?

Answer 17

Partial pressure of oxygen

Question 18

What does PCO2 stand for?

Answer 18

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Question 19

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a high PO2?

Answer 19

In the alveoli

Question 20

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a low PO2?

Answer 20

In the capillary

Question 21

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where does oxygen move from and where does it move into?

Answer 21

From the alveoli to the capillary

Question 22

What does diffusion mean?

Answer 22

Moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 23

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a high PCO2?

Answer 23

In the capillary

Question 24

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where is there a low PCO2?

Answer 24

In the alveoli

Question 25

Gaseous exchange at the lungs: Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and to?

Answer 25

Diffuses from the capillary to the alveoli

Question 26

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a high PO2?

Answer 26

In the capillary

Question 27

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a low PO2?

Answer 27

In the muscle

Question 28

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where does oxygen diffuse from and into

Answer 28

From the capillary to the muscle

Question 29

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a high PCO2?

Answer 29

In the muscle

Question 30

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where is there a low PCO2?

Answer 30

In the capillary

Question 31

Gaseous exchange at the muscle: Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from and into?

Answer 31

From the muscle into the capillary

Question 32

Outline the functions of myoglobin

Answer 32

Stores O2 Found in the muscle High affinity for oxygen

Question 33

Is more or less oxygen exhaled during exercise? Why?

Answer 33

Less Because more is being used by the muscles

Question 34

Is more or less carbon dioxide exhaled during exercise? Why?

Answer 34

More Because the muscles are producing more as a waste product

Question 35

Identify 3 features that assist gaseous exchange at the lungs

Answer 35

One cell thick walls Large surface area Narrow diameter

Question 36

Give 3 reasons why aerobic training improves the ability to transport oxygen

Answer 36

Increase % of alveoli used Increased production of red blood cells Increase myoglobin content in the muscle

Question 37

Where are nerve impulses sent to by receptors to control breathing rate?

Answer 37

Respiratory control centre in the medulla

Question 38

Where does the respiratory control centre send nerve impulses to control breathing rate?

Answer 38

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 39

Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 39

To allow the performer to recover after exercise

Question 40

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate

Answer 40

Increases it

Question 41

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

Answer 41

Decreases it

Question 42

Define the term VO2 Max

Answer 42

The maximum amount of oxygen utilised by the body per minute

Question 43

Define the term lactate threshold

Answer 43

The point at which more lactic acid is produced than removed

Question 44

What does OBLA stand for?

Answer 44

Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation

Question 45

Define the term OBLA

Answer 45

The point at which lactic acid builds up in the blood and fatigue sets in

Question 46

Lactate threshold is a _____________ of VO2 Max

Answer 46

Percentage

Question 47

As VO2 Max increases, lactate threshold _________

Answer 47

Increases

Question 48

As VO2 Max increase, OBLA is _____________

Answer 48

Delayed

Question 49

Identify 3 adaptations to aerobic exercise

Answer 49

Cardiac hypertrophy Increased percentage of alveoli used Increased myoglobin content in the muscle Increased mitochondrial density Increased triglyceride stores

Question 50

How does cardiac hypertrophy benefit aerobic performance?

Answer 50

The performer has an increased stroke volume, increasing oxygen delivery

Question 51

Why does an increased % of alveoli usage improve aerobic performance?

Answer 51

There are more sites for diffusion in the lungs

Question 52

Why does increased myoglobin content benefit aerobic performance?

Answer 52

Allows the muscle to extract more O2 from the bloodstream

Question 53

How does an increased mitochondrial density benefit aerobic performance?

Answer 53

Allows the performer to resynthesise more ATP

Question 54

Why do increased triglyceride stores benefit aerobic performance?

Answer 54

Can be broken down to provide an aerobic energy source

Question 55

Why does hypertrophy of type 2b muscle fibres benefit anaerobic exercise?

Answer 55

They become thicker in diameter, which increases force of contraction

Question 56

Why does increased recruitment of motor units benefit anaerobic exercise?

Answer 56

Increases the overall force of contraction

Question 57

Why do increased stores of PC benefit anaerobic performance?

Answer 57

Allow the performer to use the ATP-PC system for longer