Physiology Final Flashcards
Once ejaculated, what is the normal lifespan of a sperm within the female reproductive tract?
Typical 2-4 days, up to 7 days.
In male embryos, cells in the prostate and external genitals produce a second form of androgen, called _________________ (DHT), which during the 8th week of utero provokes the genital tubercle to elongate and form the penis.
Dihydrotestosterone
In the absence of DHT in female embryos, during the 8th week the external genital tubercle develops into the _________.
Clitoris
What is the primary source of testosterone production in females?
Adrenal Glands
Which organs of the male reproductive system are considered homologous to the ovaries?
Testes
In contrast to spermatogenesis , which begins in males at puberty, oogenesis begins in females ___________
At birth.
During the process of ovulation a woman releases a secondary oocyte. What event must occur to change the secondary oocyte into an ovum?
Fertilization
True or False: A zygote begins cell divisions while traveling along the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation.
True
At mid-ovarian cycle, which hormone triggers ovulation?
LH
Detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood or urine of a woman signals what event?
Pregnancy
The significant drop in blood levels of progesterone and estrogen in the post-ovulatory phase serve as triggers for ____________.
Menstruation
The primary mechanism of action of combined birth control contraceptive pills containing progestin and ethynyl estradiol is to suppress the female’s normal production of the gonadotropins, _____ and _____.
FSH; LH
What is the targeted hormone which appears to stimulate the proliferation of some types of breast cancer cells?
Leptin
At the present time in the US, ______ is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease, as well as the primary cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women.
HPV
From fertilization until the end of the 8th week of human development the developing human is called a(n) _________, and from the 9th week until birth the developing human is called a ________.
Embryo; Fetus
True or False: Alcohol is considered the number 1 teratogen for the developing fetus based on the prevalence of fetal-alcohol syndrome.
True
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, produced by the __________, is thought to play a key role in the timing of the baby’s birth as well as increasing the secretion of cortisol, which is needed for the maturation of fetal lungs and the production of alveolar surfactant.
Placenta
What is the more serious risk of amniocentesis?
Having a Miscarriage
What is the chromosome gene pairing that will produce the following color visions?
A) red-green colorblind female
B) red-green colorblind male
C) normal color vision male
A) XcXc
B) XcY
C) XCY
What were the findings of the epigenetic effect of nicotine in rats and the offspring of rats that could have far reaching consequences for human use of tobacco products?
Nicotine not only affected egg of F1 (first generation pups), but was also passed down to F2 (second generation pups). This could be possible of humans inheriting Nicotine affects as well, passed down to succeeding generations.
Depending on age and gender, water makes up approximately what percent of the total body mass of an adult?
45-60%
An area in the hypothalamus known as the _______ _______ governs the urge to drink. This area of the hypothalamus can be stimulated directly by neurons in the mouth that sense “dry mouth” conditions. It can also respond to signals from the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus that can respond to increased blood ______________. In addition, dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood volume , which causes the kidney to release the enzyme ______________. This enzyme, once released, leads to the production of angiotensin II.
Thirst Center; Osmolarity; Renin
What happens to Na+ and Cl- reabsorption in the kidneys when the following occurs:
A) An increase in the amount of aldosterone
B) A decrease in the amount of angiotensin II
C) An increase in the amount of atrial naturetic peptide
A) Re-absorption of Na+: Increases Cl-: Increases
B) Re-absorption Na+: Decreases Cl-: Decreases
C) Re-absorption Na+: Decreases Cl-:Decreases
What would be the overall effect on the amount of ADH produced if the following occurred:
A) An individual began to hemorrhage internally
B) An individual became dehydrated working outside on a hot day
C) An individual consumed much more water than normal as part of a weight loss “water diet”
A) ADH increases b/c body can’t afford to lose more water through urine.
B) ADH increases so body doesn’t lose more water.
C) ADH decreases b/c water isn’t needed it’s already at normal capacity.
Explain why someone who has the condition called “hyponatremia” may also suffer from hypotension.
Hyponatremia = amt. of NA in blood is < normal.
If person is hyponatremic, they’re also hypotensive.
B/c NA isn’t being reabsorbed, so less comes back into blood and exits through urine.
This means Na pulls water out with it, decreasing BP.
Thus, less Na & water in blood = Hyponatremia & Hypotensive.
What happens to the plasma concentration of HCO3- ions as blood flows through the systemic circulation and why?
HCO3- increases within circulation b/c blood cells in the body want to pull O2 from HCO3-.
What change can occur to proteins if the pH of the body fluids swings outside of the normal range?
Proteins are denatured.
Complete the following acid-base buffer reactions that occur within red blood cells:
A) H20 + CO2 ->
B) HCO3- ->
C) Hb-O2 + H+ ->
A) H2CO3
B) H+ + HCO3-
C) ____ + O2
Refer to the following equation and answer the questions:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
A) Rapid exhalations would tend to shift the above reactions in the equation to the (left/right) and lead to a(n) (decrease/increase) in pH.
B) Holding one’s breath would tend to shift the above reactions to the (left/right) and lead to a(n) (decrease/increase) in pH.
C) Quick pH refresher: a decrease in pH signals a(n) (decrease/increase) in H+ ion concentration while an increase in pH signals a(n) (decrease/increase) in H+ ion concentration.
D) When the acidity of the blood increases, it stimulates chemoreceptors in the medulla, as well as in the carotid and aortic bodies, which signal the inspiratory center in the medulla to cause what change with the diaphragm and rib muscles? (Hint: these processes explain why its impossible to hold your breath indefinitely)
A) Left; Increase
B) Right; Decrease
C) Increase; Decrease
D) More O2 needs to be brought in, more CO2 needs to be taken out, so diaphragm/ribs will contract.
Acidosis (or acidemia) is a condition in which systemic arterial blood pH is ______ ___.
Below 7
Alkalosis (or alkalemia) is a condition in which the blood pH is _____ ___.
Above 7
Explain how anxiety, among other causes, can provoke respiratory alkalosis.
During anxiety attack, hyperventilation causes amount of H+ to increase, raising pH to above higher than normal.
What type of respiratory compensation might help in the short term to restore arterial blood pH levels?
Hypoventilation
With increasing age many elderly adults develop a decreased volume of ICF because of declining skeletal muscle mass with an increasing mass of adipose tissue. Why do these changes lead to a decrease in ICF?
With an increase of age, people often have an impaired ability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.
One of the vaccinations that school’s require is against the mumps virus (paramyxovirus). What is the part of the GI tract targeted by mumps?
Parotid Gland
What is the hallmark symptom of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)?
Heartburn
What is the other name for the parietal cell’s H+/K+ ATPase molecules, which transport H+ ions out of the parietal cell into the stomach lumen while transporting K+ ions into the parietal cell?
Proton Pumps
Explain the difference in how the H2-blockers work to reduce stomach acid compared to how the PPIs work.
H2 Blockers: Block histamine receptors on parietal cells responsible for acid secretion.
PPI’s: Goes straight to and blocks Hydrogen pumps responsible for creating acid.
Why doesn’t more absorption occur in the stomach?
Stomach has an acidic environment, nutrients are broken down instead.
What is one of the primary substances excreted in bile?
Bilirubin (Heme is by-product this)
What is a key role of bile as part of the digestive processes?
Emulsifies fats, and physically breaks them down so enzymes can break fat down chemically to digest/absorb fats.
What are the basic conditions that cause lactose intolerance and how is a breath test for hydrogen gas diagnostic for the disorder?
Small intestine absorptive cells don’t produce enough lactase.
Undigested lactose is fermented by bacteria in colon, and gives off H gas.
H is absorbed from intestines and carried through bloodstream to the lungs.
Detected in the breath.
If you plan to have at least one drink on a night but want to be sober and safe to drive in two hours, what type of food would be a better choice to have with your drink and why: a high-carb snack of pretzels or a high-fat snack of nacho cheese and chips?
Why would a female have a higher blood alcohol level than a male?
High-fat snack.
Fats take more time in gastric emptying.
Alcohol has more time to be converted into non-alcohol.
Less alcohol reaches bloodstream.
Dehydrogenase isn’t as prevalent in females as in males, so they break down alcohol slower.
The final stages of digestion of carbohydrates or proteins , as well as the production of some B vitamins as well as vitamin K ,that take place in the large intestine are accomplished by what process?
Bacteria gathering on undigested carbs and proteins
How may soluble fiber, which dissolves in water and is found in such foods as beans, broccoli, citrus fruits and prunes among others, play a role in helping lower cholesterol?
S F binds to bile salts to prevent reabsorption.
Liver makes bile salts by taking cholesterol out of the blood to replace what’s lost in feces.
Blood cholesterol level is lowered.
Why would a doctor prescribe an antibiotic and a proton pump inhibitor to a patient suffering from peptic ulcer disease?
PPI: Blocks secretion of H+ from parietal cells preventing irritation of ulcer.
Antibiotic: Kills Bacteria so ulcer doesn’t flare up again later on.
Which has the more severe symptoms and potential for permanent damage to the GI tract, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or irritable bowel disease (IBD)?
IBD
How do widely prescribed class of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as “statins” basically work , and how does this lower blood cholesterol levels in the blood?
HMG –CoA reductase enzyme is blocked by Statins.
Liver can’t create cholesterol w/o this enzyme.
So it pulls cholesterol from the blood.
This lowers blood cholesterol levels.
Certain bacteria, not part of the normal bacterial flora in the jejunum section of the small intestine, can be a major source of endotoxins. What medical consequences have been hypothesized as being linked to this situation?
Alcohol abuse allows bacteria to live on/damage intestinal wall.
Damaged intestinal wall allows endotoxins to make their way to the liver.
Result: Liver Cirrosis
