Ch. 22 Lymphatic

Question 1

What substances in particular of blood plasma aren’t normally found in lymph in as great a concentration as they are in the blood (because they normally are not filtered out of the blood to any appreciable degree into the interstitial fluid)?

Answer 1

Proteins.

Question 2

Which of these two divisions, the Primary or Secondary Lymphatic Organs, is the site of most lymph system pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 2

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Question 3

Which of these two groups, primary or secondary Lymphatic Organs, is the site of origin of B lymphoctyes (i.e. B cells) and T lymphocytes (i.e. T cells) ?

Answer 3

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Question 4

In which group, Primary or Secondary Lymphatic Organs, do most of the immune responses occur?

Answer 4

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

Question 5

A lymph node that is enlarged because of its filtering role fighting a common infection “feels” sore, moveable and somewhat soft(think of lymph nodes in neck when you have a sinus infection or inflamed tonsils). How might this same lymph node feel differently were it the site of a cancer?

Answer 5

Cancerous lymph nodes feel enlarged, firm, non-tender, and fixed to underlying structures.

Question 6

How does “sebum” or oil from our skin’s oil glands help protect the body from microbes?

Answer 6

Unsaturated fatty acids in sebum inhibits growth of certain pathogenic bacterial fungi.

Question 7

What is the protective role of an enzyme found in tears (also found in other body areas such as nasal secretions and perspiration) called lysozyme?

Answer 7

Breaks down bacterial cell walls, dilutes microbes and keeps them from settling on the surface of our eyeballs.

Question 8

What impact does Histamine have on the arterioles and capillaries surrounding the damage site that adds to the heat, redness, and swelling aspects of inflammation?

Answer 8

Vasodilation & increased permeability.

Neutrophils and Macrophages are attracted to injury site from stimulated release of Histamine.

Question 9

What is the impact of histamine on respiratory bronchiole smooth muscles?

Answer 9

Contraction of respiratory bronchiole smooth muscles and constricts airways.

Question 10

Other substances released at the site of inflammation include chemicals that aid in chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. What is chemotaxis?

Answer 10

Single cells moving in response to chemical signals in their environment.

Question 11

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?

Answer 11

Adaptive Immune = response adapted to recognize antigens from pathogens that enter the body.

Innate Immune = inflammation response to tissue damage from pathogens.

Question 12

Define antigen.

Answer 12

Anti-body generator.

Question 13

Define epitope.

Answer 13

Small parts of a large antigen molecule that act as triggers for immune responses.

Question 14

What is the important difference in immune system impact between a vaccination, such as against the polio virus, that produces “active immunity” , versus the protection offered by “passive immunity”– such as obtained by injections for tetanus , or injections of an antivenin after being bitten by a poisonous snake or spider?

Answer 14

Active Immunity:
Vaccines allow body to use dormant memory cells and anti-bodies to become activated when a person re-encounters an antigen to counteract it.

Passive Immunity:
Injections allow body to utilize a given set of antibodies to counteract an illness, but no memory cells are created for future use against that antigen.

Question 15

List one mechanism of action for each of the following drugs used to treat AIDs: 1. reverse transcriptase inhibitors; and 2. protease inhibitors.

Answer 15

1. Interferes with this enzyme’s action, which virus uses to convert it’s RNA into a DNA copy.
2. Interferes with action of this enzyme that cuts proteins into pieces to create protein coat of HIV particles.

Question 16

Do vaccines work on the principal of enhancing the “primary” or the “secondary” response to serious pathogens?

Answer 16

Secondary

Question 17

Which immunoglobin class is the most abundant and is also the only class that crosses the placenta from mother to fetus?

Answer 17

IgG

Question 18

This class is not only the first antibody type to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial antigen encounter, it also provides the anti-A and anti-B antibodies that react with their respective antigens in the ABO blood groups. Which class is it?

Answer 18

IgM

Question 19

Which class has been seen to decrease in blood levels during times of high stress, providing evidence that over time stress can lower one’s immune capabilities? Incidentally, this class is also transmitted in the milk of nursing mothers, and helps provide immune protection within the nursing infant.

Answer 19

IgA

Question 20

Which class, though somewhat of a mystery in immunology, plays a role in the activation of B cells, helping B cells become ready to take part in the immune system defense of the body?

Answer 20

IgD

Question 21

Which class of immunoglobins plays an essential role in allergic, also called hypersensitivity , reactions, for example, allergic asthma, most types of sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies such as peanut allergies, as well as anaphylactic reactions to certain drugs (e.g. penicillin) and bees stings? (This immunoglobin class, though the least common of all the immunoglobins, can offer protection against many parasitic worms and triggers the most powerful inflammatory responses of any class of Igs.)

Answer 21

IgE

Question 22

Why do individuals such as those hypersensitive to bee stings or latex, carry “epi-pens”, which are devices to directly inject epinephrine into the body? What is the name of the physiological type of “shock” these individuals must guard against?

Answer 22

Epinephrine reduces the body’s allergic response; Anaphylactic

Question 23

This autoimmune disorder , over 10x more common in females than males, shows significant evidence of autoantibodies formed against the individual’s own DNA and includes facial eruptions that some have characterized as similar in appearance to those left by the bite of a wolf. spider.

Answer 23

Lupus

Question 24

This autoimmune disorder often includes autoantibodies formed against the pancreatic islet cells, leading to a total loss of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Answer 24

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 25

This autoimmune disorder occurs in the small intestine in genetically disposed persons from infancy through adulthood, and is caused by an immune reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein found in wheat, and similar proteins found in grains such as barley and oats. Fortunately, an effective treatment is the dietary exclusion of all gluten-containing foods.

Answer 25

Celiac