Ch. 23

Question 1

A tracheotomy involves placing an airway tube through a cut into the trachea (above or below ?) the level of the cricoid cartilage.

Answer 1

Below.

Question 2

Boyle’s Law notes that the volume of a gas is inversely related to the pressure on the gas. If a single volume of gas in a container was at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and the volume was decreased to 1/5 of the original volume, what has happened to the amount of pressure within the container (hint: how many times more or less is it )?

Answer 2

5 times more pressure.

Question 3

Air will continue to flow into your lungs so long as a _________ difference exists such that the _________ in the atmosphere outside the lungs is greater than inside the lungs.

Answer 3

Pressure; Pressure.

Question 4

A deficiency in the alveolar-produced surfactant in premature infants causes their alveoli to _________________________ and leads to a condition called respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Answer 4

Collapse during exhaling.

Question 5

To treat a premature baby with a severe case of RDS what two treatments may need to be combined?

Answer 5

Supplemental oxygen and Surfactant administering.

Question 6

The FEV1.0 is (increased/ decreased) in COPD due to the increased airway resistance

Answer 6

Decreased.

Question 7

Using Dalton’s Law, what would be the percent of pressure in the liter of air due to Nitrogen gas?

Answer 7

78.6%

Question 8

Using Dalton’s Law, what would be the percent of pressure in the liter of air due to Oxygen gas?

Answer 8

20.9%

Question 9

Using Dalton’s Law, what would be the percent of pressure in the liter of air due to CO2?

Answer 9

.04%

Question 10

True or False: Henry’s Law of gases states that the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Use Henry’s Law of gases to explain why scuba divers can experience “decompression sickness” (the bends) if they ascend too rapidly after remaining several meters under the surface for an extended period of time.

Answer 11

Partial pressure of N2 is increased under compressed air under surface.
N2 is dissolved into plasma/ISF, so it’s within blood.
Rapid ascension doesn’t allow N2 to be expelled.
Diver experiences bends from N2 in blood.

Question 12

High altitude sickness occurs because the partial pressure of the available oxygen gas decreases from approximately 159mmHg at sea level to 110mmHg at 10,000 feet altitude and as low as 73mmHg at 20,000 feet. Given this information what is the percent of oxygen gas in each breath of air at 20,000 feet compared to a breath of air at sea level (careful on this one)?

Answer 12

20.9%

Question 13

Evaluate how a decrease in PO2 in the surrounding cells compared to the blood oxyhemoglobin will impact the overall percent oxyhemoglobin (hint: what happens to OSat (oxyhemoglobin) and why?)

Answer 13

Oxyhemoglobin % = Decrease

Question 14

Evaluate how an increase in acidity due to more H + ions in blood will impact the overall percent oxyhemoglobin (hint: what happens to OSat (oxyhemoglobin) and why?)

Answer 14

Oxyhemoglobin % = Decrease

Question 15

Evaluate how an increase in PCO2 due to more carbon dioxide in the blood will impact the overall percent oxyhemoglobin (hint: what happens to OSat (oxyhemoglobin) and why?)

Answer 15

Oxyhemoglobin % = Decrease

Question 16

Evaluate how a decrease in the temperature of the blood will impact the overall percent oxyhemoglobin (hint: what happens to OSat (oxyhemoglobin) and why?)

Answer 16

Oxyhemoglobin % = Stays same.

Question 17

At concentrations in the air of as low as 0.5% , carbon monoxide molecules can still tie up 50% of the available hemoglobin molecules, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity by 50%. Why is carbon monoxide able to do this?

Answer 17

Because CO2’s bind to Hemoglobin is 200x as strong as the O2’s bind to Hemoglobin.

Question 18

For the developing fetus, its hemoglobin has (more/ less) affinity for BPG than the hemoglobin of its mother which allows the fetus’ hemoglobin to have a 30% greater affinity for oxygen than it’s mother’s hemoglobin.

Answer 18

More.

Question 19

In the pulmonary capillaries carrying primarily deoxygenated blood (pumped to the lungs from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries), carbon dioxide tends to move (into/out of) the red blood cells and (into/out of ) the air within the alveoli that is exhaled. In the systemic capillaries, for example those supplying the skeletal muscle cells, carbon dioxide tends to move (into/out of ) the red blood cells and (into/out of) the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Answer 19

Out of; Into.

Into; Out of.

Question 20

What are the two chemicals which can make chemoreceptors in the body fire impulses that increase activity in the inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata’s rhythmicity area?

Answer 20

H+ = Hydrogen Ions
HCo3- = Hydrogen Carbonate Ions

Question 21

Among other changes in the respiratory system linked to aging, elderly individuals may experience a decrease in the number and activity of macrophages in their alveoli. What could be a likely outcome of this deficiency?

Answer 21

They’ll become more susceptible to pulmonary disorders.

Ex: bronchitis, pneumonia, emphysema, etc.

Question 22

What is the 4th leading cause of death in the US (hint: its most common cause is cigarette smoking or breathing second hand smoke and 90% of the deaths attributed to this disease are caused by smoking)?

Answer 22

COPD.

Question 23

Lung disease is the most common cause of death for this inherited disorder, which also ranks as the most common lethal genetic disease in whites. What is the disorder?

Answer 23

Cystic Fibrosis.

Question 24

True or False More deaths are cased each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined.

Answer 24

True.