Ch. 1 & 2 Flashcards
What does the science of Physiology study?
The Science of Body Functions
Subspecialty areas of study in Physiology?
Endocrinology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular Physiology
Name 6 Basic Structural Levels of Organization of the Body.
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism Superorganism
Name the 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body.
Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Skeletal.
Define Homeostasis.
The body’s ability to maintain equilibrium in it’s internal environment.
Name an example of a Receptor, Control Center, and Effector in the body’s temperature feedback loop if you step outside in the winter and you shiver.
Receptor: Nerve endings in skin.
Control Center: Brain receiving nerve impulses from skin/generates nerve impulse as output.
Effector: skeletal muscles.
Give an example of a common cold “sign”.
Sneezing.
Give an example of a common cold “symptom”.
Itchy throat.
Define Isotope.
Difference in # of Neutrons than Protons.
Define Radioactive Isotope.
Ability to decay into more stable Element.
What is the meaning of “half-life” of a Radioactive Isotope?
The time required for the Radioactive Atoms in a given Isotope to decay into a more stable form.
Do the Radioisotopes used in medical imaging have a short or long half-life? Why?
Short.
They are used as tracers to help follow/find certain substances throughout the body, but don’t stay in the body long enough to emit harmful effects on the body.
Define Atom.
The smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties.
Define Ion.
Atoms that have a + or - charge.
Define Molecule.
Two or more Atoms sharing e-.
Define Compound.
Substance containing Atoms from two or more Elements.
Define Valence Shell.
The outermost shell of an Atom that determines whether it can be chemically bonded with another Element.
What is the Octet Rule.
Elements are more likely to interact with other Elements if they can gain 8 total e- in their Valence Shells to become more stable.
Define Anabolism and the associated energy change that takes place with it.
All Synthesis reactions within the body.
Are Endergonic, meaning they absorb more energy than they release.
Define Catabolism and the associated energy change that takes place with it.
All Decomposition reactions within the body.
Are Exergonic, meaning they release more energy than they absorb.
Define Catalyst and how it changes the amount of “Activation Energy” needed for a chemical reaction.
Catalyst: chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction.
It lowers amount of Activation Energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.
How many times more concentrated is an acidic solution with a pH of 4 vs. one with pH of 7?
1000x more concentrated.
A solution that has more H+ ions than OH- ions is an _______ solution and has a pH below 7.
Acidic.
A solution that has fewer H+ ions than OH- ions is an _______ solution and has a pH above 7.
Alkaline.
A pH of 7 is called what?
Neutral.
What critical range does our Arterial Blood have to maintain and stay between?
7.35 - 7.45
Explain how “Dehydration Synthesis” works to link Monomers in this process.
Covalently bonded Monomers (via Dehydration Synthesis) create a Polymer.
Polymers combine (to create) a Macromolecule.
Macromolecule (via Dehydration Synthesis) create Macromolecules.
How do the processes of Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis allow examples of Anabolism and Catabolism when applied to Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose?
Dehydration Synthesis (removes one Hydrogen) to combine Glucose/Fructose into Sucrose = Anabolism.
Hydrolysis (adds Hydrogen) to break apart Sucrose into Glucose/Fructose = Catabolism.
Why are essential fatty acids called “essential”?
Essential = Essential to the Human Body.
All steroids have a ___________ molecule as the starting point for their production.
Cholesterol.
The names of Enzymes usually end in the suffix ______,
-ase
What is the sequence of reactions that release energy stored in high energy phosphate bonds to power the vast number of cellular reactions requiring additional energy?
ATP -> ADP -> AMP
