Ch. 1 & 2

Question 1

What does the science of Physiology study?

Answer 1

The Science of Body Functions

Question 2

Subspecialty areas of study in Physiology?

Answer 2

Endocrinology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 3

Name 6 Basic Structural Levels of Organization of the Body.

Answer 3

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Superorganism

Question 4

Name the 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body.

Answer 4

Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Skeletal.

Question 5

Define Homeostasis.

Answer 5

The body’s ability to maintain equilibrium in it’s internal environment.

Question 6

Name an example of a Receptor, Control Center, and Effector in the body’s temperature feedback loop if you step outside in the winter and you shiver.

Answer 6

Receptor: Nerve endings in skin.
Control Center: Brain receiving nerve impulses from skin/generates nerve impulse as output.
Effector: skeletal muscles.

Question 7

Give an example of a common cold “sign”.

Answer 7

Sneezing.

Question 8

Give an example of a common cold “symptom”.

Answer 8

Itchy throat.

Question 9

Define Isotope.

Answer 9

Difference in # of Neutrons than Protons.

Question 10

Define Radioactive Isotope.

Answer 10

Ability to decay into more stable Element.

Question 11

What is the meaning of “half-life” of a Radioactive Isotope?

Answer 11

The time required for the Radioactive Atoms in a given Isotope to decay into a more stable form.

Question 12

Do the Radioisotopes used in medical imaging have a short or long half-life? Why?

Answer 12

Short.
They are used as tracers to help follow/find certain substances throughout the body, but don’t stay in the body long enough to emit harmful effects on the body.

Question 13

Define Atom.

Answer 13

The smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties.

Question 14

Define Ion.

Answer 14

Atoms that have a + or - charge.

Question 15

Define Molecule.

Answer 15

Two or more Atoms sharing e-.

Question 16

Define Compound.

Answer 16

Substance containing Atoms from two or more Elements.

Question 17

Define Valence Shell.

Answer 17

The outermost shell of an Atom that determines whether it can be chemically bonded with another Element.

Question 18

What is the Octet Rule.

Answer 18

Elements are more likely to interact with other Elements if they can gain 8 total e- in their Valence Shells to become more stable.

Question 19

Define Anabolism and the associated energy change that takes place with it.

Answer 19

All Synthesis reactions within the body.

Are Endergonic, meaning they absorb more energy than they release.

Question 20

Define Catabolism and the associated energy change that takes place with it.

Answer 20

All Decomposition reactions within the body.

Are Exergonic, meaning they release more energy than they absorb.

Question 21

Define Catalyst and how it changes the amount of “Activation Energy” needed for a chemical reaction.

Answer 21

Catalyst: chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction.
It lowers amount of Activation Energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

Question 22

How many times more concentrated is an acidic solution with a pH of 4 vs. one with pH of 7?

Answer 22

1000x more concentrated.

Question 23

A solution that has more H+ ions than OH- ions is an _______ solution and has a pH below 7.

Answer 23

Acidic.

Question 24

A solution that has fewer H+ ions than OH- ions is an _______ solution and has a pH above 7.

Answer 24

Alkaline.

Question 25

A pH of 7 is called what?

Answer 25

Neutral.

Question 26

What critical range does our Arterial Blood have to maintain and stay between?

Answer 26

7.35 - 7.45

Question 27

Explain how “Dehydration Synthesis” works to link Monomers in this process.

Answer 27

Covalently bonded Monomers (via Dehydration Synthesis) create a Polymer.
Polymers combine (to create) a Macromolecule.
Macromolecule (via Dehydration Synthesis) create Macromolecules.

Question 28

How do the processes of Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis allow examples of Anabolism and Catabolism when applied to Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose?

Answer 28

Dehydration Synthesis (removes one Hydrogen) to combine Glucose/Fructose into Sucrose = Anabolism.

Hydrolysis (adds Hydrogen) to break apart Sucrose into Glucose/Fructose = Catabolism.

Question 29

Why are essential fatty acids called “essential”?

Answer 29

Essential = Essential to the Human Body.

Question 30

All steroids have a ___________ molecule as the starting point for their production.

Answer 30

Cholesterol.

Question 31

The names of Enzymes usually end in the suffix ______,

Answer 31

-ase

Question 32

What is the sequence of reactions that release energy stored in high energy phosphate bonds to power the vast number of cellular reactions requiring additional energy?

Answer 32

ATP -> ADP -> AMP