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Human Physiology > Ch. 21 > Flashcards

Ch. 21 Flashcards

1
Q

The arteries that feed heart muscle are capable of forming additional collateral circulation through anastomoses in response to prolonged ischemia, such as caused by atherosclerosis that has resulted in angina pectoris. What is the benefit to the heart of such collateral circulation?

A

It allows blood flow to the heart through Anastomosomes to decrease heart pain.

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2
Q

Varicose veins, also known as varices, occur with more frequency in the superficial veins rather than deep veins. Why?

A

Skeletal muscles surrounding deep veins prevent their walls from stretching.

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3
Q

What are varicose veins in the anal canal also known as?

A

Hemorrhoids.

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4
Q

While most varicose veins are harmless, even if unsightly in appearance, and occasionally may be subject to minor bleeding, what location of bleeding varices can cause a life-threatening medical emergency?

A

Esophageal varices.

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5
Q

Filtration is the pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes ______ blood capillaries ______ interstitial fluid. .

A

FROM Blood Capillaries

INTO ISF

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6
Q

Reabsorption is the pressure-driven movement _______ interstitial fluid _____ blood capillaries

A

FROM ISF

INTO Blood Capillaries

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7
Q

Using the equation: NFP = (BHP + IFOP) minus (BCOP + IFHP), what would the arterial end of the capillary NFP be if the BCOP was 30mmHg , assuming normal values for all other factors in the above formula?

A 
Normal Values
BHP = (Arterial): 35 mmHg, (Venous): 16 mmHg
IFHP = 0 mmHg
BCOP = 26 mmHg
IFOP = 0.1 - 5 mmHg 
NFP = (35 + 1) - (30 + 0)
NFP = 6 mmHg
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8
Q

Using the equation: NFP = (BHP + IFOP) minus (BCOP + IFHP), What would the venous end of the capillary NFP be if the BHP was 20 mmHg and all other factors in the above formula remained normal?

A 
Normal Values
BHP = (Arterial): 35 mmHg, (Venous): 16 mmHg
IFHP = 0 mmHg
BCOP = 26 mmHg
IFOP = 0.1 - 5 mmHg
NFP = (20 + 1) - (26 + 0)
NFP = -5 mmHg
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9
Q

Liver disease and kidney disease can lead to decreased concentrations of plasma proteins in the blood. Why would this result in the condition known as “edema”?

A

Edema = Result of inadequate reabsorption.

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10
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if there is an increase in vascular resistance due to vasoconstriction and no change in cardiac output?

A

Increase.

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11
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if there is an increase in vascular resistance due to the addition of blood vessels because the person has gained 2 pounds of fat?

A

Increase.

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12
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if the blood becomes more viscous due to polycythemia?

A

Increase

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13
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if the diameter of the blood vessels doubles in size due to vasodilation?

A

Decrease.

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14
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if due to an injury a person has lost over 10% of their blood by volume?

A

Don’t Know.

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15
Q

What is the overall effect on mean arterial pressure (MAP) if a person with a skeletal muscle weakening condition cannot return as much blood per minute to the right atrium of the heart due to reduced “skeletal muscle pump” and “respiratory pump” activity?

A

Don’t Know.

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16
Q

In some elderly people their carotid sinus baroreceptors lose sensitivity, possibly due to atherosclerosis in their carotids. What does this have to do with the increased incidence of postural hypotension in the elderly?

A

Elderly = Baroreceptor reflexes operate slower than normal = Decreased BP = Fainting when standing up too quickly = Increase incidences of Postural Hypotension.

17
Q

What do you predict would be the overall impact of the cardiovascular center (CV center) on heart rate if the CV center chemoreceptors detected increased blood levels of carbon dioxide? Why?

A

Overall Impact: Increase HR to rid Increase CO2 levels.

Excess CO2 = Hypercapnia, which = stimulation of Chemoreceptors.
Chemoreceptor impulses –> CV Center
CV Center increases Sympathetic stimulation of arterioles/veins.

Results in: Vasoconstriction/Increase HR
Goal: New blood pumped to get O2 into blood where excess CO2 is.

18
Q

What is the overall effects of Norepinephrine on blood pressure and what is its basic mechanism(s) for causing these effects?

A

BP: Increase.
Mechanism: Increased HR/Contractility.

19
Q

What is the overall effects of Aldosterone on blood pressure and what is its basic mechanism(s) for causing these effects?

A

BP: Increase.
Mechanism: Increased Blood Volume.

20
Q

What is the overall effects of ANP on blood pressure and what is its basic mechanism(s) for causing these effects?

A

BP: Decrease.
Mechanism: Decreased Blood Volume.

21
Q

What is the overall effects of Angiotensin II on blood pressure and what is its basic mechanism(s) for causing these effects?

A

BP: Increase.
Mechanism: Vasoconstriction.

22
Q

What is the overall effects of ADH (vasopressin) on blood pressure and what is its basic mechanism(s) for causing these effects?

A

BP: Increase.
Mechanism: Vasoconstriction.

23
Q

Define Hypovolemic shock and name treatment.

A

Occurs from insufficient blood to fill the circulatory system.
Treatment: Requires replacement of the lost volume.

24
Q

Define Neurogenic shock and name treatment.

A

Due to disorders of the nervous system.

Treatment: Placing the head lower than the rest of the body

25
Q

Define Amphylatctic shock.

A

Introduction of highly sensitive protein into body. (Allergic Shock).

26
Q

Define Septic shock.

A

Associated with overwhelming infection.

27
Q

Define Cardiogenic shock.

A

Caused by impaired function of the heart.

28
Q

Differentiate between signs & symptoms of Shock.

A

Sign: Coldness of skin.
Symptom: Hypotension

29
Q

Define the term Shock.

A

Acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control/loss of circulating fluid.
Referred to as Circulatory Shock.

30
Q

Why do angina patients take Nitroglycerin sublingually (under the tongue)?

A

First: It dissolves/absorbs into the blood vessels under tongue.
Second: The hepatic portal circulation delivers it to liver.
Third: It’s broken down to an inactive form before reaching heart’s blood vessels.

31
Q

After birth, the pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry ________ blood, while after birth the pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry _______ blood.

A

Deoxygenated

Oxygenated

32
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Thin, weakened section of artery/vein wall that bulges out.

33
Q

What is considered “normal blood pressure” and what are the blood pressure criteria of stage 1 hypertension?

A

Normal BP
Systolic: < 120 / Diastolic: <80

Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic: 149-159 / Diastolic: 90-99

34
Q

What is believed to be a fundamental way thiazide-diuretics work to reduce blood pressure?

A

Increase elimination of water and salt in the urine.

Human Physiology (13 decks)

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