Ch. 14 - 17

Question 1

The adult brain represents approximately 2% of the body weight but consumes approximately _______ percent of the available oxygen and glucose in the blood.

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

Complete loss of oxygen for as little as how many minutes can cause permanent brain damage? And how many before death occurs?

Answer 2

4 min. = Brain Damage

6 min. = Death

Question 3

How does glucose get across the blood brain barrier, which is essential to do, since the brain has essentially no glucose storage, unlike skeletal muscle and organs like the liver?

Answer 3

Glucose utilized by ATP gets pumped into the brain across BBB.

Question 4

The decussation of pyramids occurs in the medulla oblongata. As a result of this anatomical situation what is true regarding voluntary movements of the body and their brain control areas?

Answer 4

Right Hemisphere = Controls LEFT side of body

Left Hemisphere = Controls RIGHT side of body

Question 5

Name the three primary anatomical parts of the brainstem , starting with the one that joins the spinal cord :

Answer 5

Medulla Oblongata.
Pons.
Midbrain.

Question 6

What is the part of the brain primarily concerned with the coordination of skilled movements such as those we use when writing our names, or performing in dance or athletics, etc.?

Answer 6

Cerebellum: Maintains posture/balance & coordinates skilled movements.

Question 7

A major function of the basal ganglia is to help initiate and ___________ movements of the body.

Answer 7

Terminate.

Question 8

What is unusual about calling collection of nerve cell bodies that help initiate/terminate movements of the body basal “ganglia”?

Answer 8

“Ganglion” usually means OUTSIDE of CNS.

Question 9

What happens to a cat when its’ Amygdala is removed? How could this be detrimental ?

Answer 9

Amygdala = Fight of Flight mechanism.

If removed, cat can’t protect itself physically.

Question 10

Which brain injury, a concussion or a contusion, results in bruising of the brain among other unwanted effects of the trauma?

Answer 10

Contusion.

Question 11

What would be the effect of the vagal nerve parasympathetic activity on the patent’s heart rate if a doctor massaged it to stimulate parasympathetic activity?

Answer 11

HR would Decrease/Slow.

Question 12

The input to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) comes from autonomic sensory neurons, most of which are in contact with interoceptors, which are ________ receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles and the nervous system and function in monitoring our internal environment.

Answer 12

Sensory.

Question 13

An example of an interoceptor are _____________ that monitor our blood CO2 levels.

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors

Question 14

An increased rate of nerve impulses from the sympathetic division ________ heart rate while an increase in nerve impulses from the parasympathetic division _________ heart rate.

Answer 14

Increase.

Decrease.

Question 15

Based on the neurotransmitter they produce and release, autonomic neurons are classified as either _________ or adrenergic.

Answer 15

Cholinergic.

Question 16

When ACh binds to muscarinc receptors in the GI tract it _______ smooth muscle sphincters. In contrast, when ACh binds to muscarinic receptors in the smooth muscle fibers in the circular muscles in the iris of the eye it causes them to _________ .

Answer 16

Relax.

Contract.

Question 17

What is the result of phenylephrine’s action after stimulating α1 receptors that explains why it is used in cold medicines?

Answer 17

Phenylephrine = a1 Adrergenic Agonist.
a1 Adrergenic Atonist = Vasoconstriction in nasal area.
Vasoconstriction in nasal area = don’t leak as much fluid into nasal cavity.

Question 18

Distinguish between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

Answer 18

Anterograde = Inability to form new memories.

Retrograde = Inability to recall events before trauma.

Question 19

In general, human males and females can recognize at least how many different odors?

Answer 19

10,000.

Question 20

Axons of the olfactory tract that project to the limbic system and hypothalamus are believed to account for our _____________ and memory-evoked responses to odors.

Answer 20

Emotional.

Question 21

Of the five primary chemical tastes humans detect, which taste are we most sensitive to (that is , it requires the least amount of that substance to activate its taste receptors)? Why might humans (or their mammalian ancestors) have evolved a heightened sensitivity to this taste?

Answer 21

Bitter.

Poisonous substances tend to be bitter.

Question 22

The surface of the retina is the only place in the human body where _________ __________ can be viewed directly and examined for pathological changes such as can occur due to hypertension, diabetes, etc..

Answer 22

Blood Vessels.

Question 23

What is the fundamental difference between these (rods/cones) two types of photoreceptor cells?

Answer 23

Rods = Sight in DIM light
Cones = Sight in BRIGHT light

Question 24

Provide two reasons the use of marijuana is not currently FDA-approved for use as a medicine.

Answer 24

No well defined/measurable ingredient list.

Benefits not clinically proven.