Ch. 3 - 5 Flashcards
What is the “fluid” part and what is the “mosaic” part comprising the plasma membrane “fluid-mosaic” model of the cell membrane?
Fluid part: Phospholipid Polar Heads
Mosaic Part: Proteins
Typically the inside membrane layer of the cell membrane is ___________charged while the outside layer is ___________charged, creating a membrane potential.
Inside = Slightly Negative.
Outside = Slightly Positive.
The movement of glucose is a form of “carrier ( also called “transporter”)- mediated” facilitated diffusion sensitive to the effects of the pancreatic hormone, Insulin. Briefly explain the effect of insulin on glucose carrier molecules.
Insulin stimulates target cells to add more glucose carriers.
Increase of glucose transport occurs.
How did the World Health Organization (WHO) utilized the Na+/glucose secondary active transporter mechanisms to develop its oral hydration therapy (ORT) to treat and help save children suffering from dehydration (due to acute gastroenteritis and accompanying diarrhea).
Children retained water instead of it leaving their bodies by :
What is the effect of nicotine from cigarette smoke on the cilia in the respiratory tract and those in the fallopian tubes?
Creates Constriction/Paralayzes Cilia.
What pregnancy risk is associated with nicotine’s effect on cilia?
Risky.
Which parent, Mom or Dad, is the source of the mitochondrial DNA?
Mom.
What is the difference between : DNA, a gene, a chromosome, and the genome of an individual?
DNA: Carries inherited genetic info.
Gene: Cells’ hereditary units.
Chromosome: Collection of thousands of Genes.
Genome: Sum total of all Gene traits.
How many pairs of chromosomes exist in a normal human somatic cell, such as a cheek cell or a muscle cell?
23
Most nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells exist in the G0 (G-zero) phase of the cell cycle. What does this mean?
Cells can no longer divide.
Why is the p53 gene known as the “guardian angel of the genome”?
p53 Gene turns off division of cells.
In cervical cancers linked to HPV. What impact is the virus believed to have on p53 and how does this impact the cervical cells?
HPV affects # of p53 —> Cancer cells don’t stop dividing
–> Spread of cancer cells.
What is the basic difference between a malignant tumor and a benign tumor?
Malignant Tumor: Ability to spread.
Benign Tumor: Cell overgrowth, doesn’t spread.
Name the four fundamental types of tissues in the human body and know at least one general functions of each.
Muscular: Generates body heat.
Epithelial: Protects body surface.
Nervous: Detects environment changes.
Connective: Supports organs.
The basement membrane beneath epithelial cells serves as a base of support and anchoring for the overlying epithelial cells. What pathologic effect can untreated diabetes mellitus have on the basement membrane that can lead to blindness and kidney failure?
Diabetes mellitus = basement membrane of all small blood vessels thicken and don’t function properly = causes blindness.
