Physiology Flashcards
This hormone is inhibited by a pH less than 1.5
Gastrin
This hormone is regulated by fatty acid and amino acid
CCK - contracts gallbladders, stimulates pancreas
Hormone that increases bicarb and allows pancreatic enzymes to function
secretin
This inhibitory hormone is released by D cells and stimulated by increased acid
Somatostatin
This hormone has separated endocrine and exocrine functions
GIP
exocrine - decreases gastric secretion
endocrine - increases insulin release
Hormone increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and spinchters and dilates vessels
VIP
Hormone produces the MMC
Motilin
These hormones increase gastric acid secretion
histamine, Ach, gastrin
name the pancreatic proteases
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases
what enzyme converts trypsinogen to trypsin?
enterokinase
this enzyme starts digestion by hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 to make disaccharides
salivary amylase
What does pancreatic amylase do?
hydrolyzes starch to oligiosaccharides and disacharides
what transporter takes glucose and galactose into enterocytes? fructose?
What transports all monosaccharides to the blood?
SGLT1
GLUT-5
GLUT-2
Where is iron absorbed?
Folate?
B12
duodenum
jejunum
terminal ileum
describe nerve stimulation to upper and lower esopahus
upper 1/3 - somatic nevers - ach –> nicotinic rec (striated muscle)
lower 2/3 - autonomic nerves - ach –> nicotinic/muscarinc rec. (smooth muscle)
name the phases of digestion
intestinal (little gastrin, chyme entering)
cephalic(response to stimulus of food)
gastric (stretch activation 50-60% of gastric acid secretion)
what is the gastrocolic reflex
food in stomach induces need to defecate
what things delay emptying of the stomach?
prolonged relaxation, small pyloric opening, no duodenal relaxation, segmented contraction
what is normal BER of the stomach?
3 times/min
what are some causes of gastroperisis
diabetic neuropathy, vagus/enteric nerves, surgery, drugs, cancer
amino acids are transported with the help of these transporters
and peptides use these
Na/K atpase
Na+/H+ exchanger
what is colipase used for?
it binds bile salts so lipase is not binded
2 additional fat aiding enzymes are released from the pancreas besides lipase and coplilase, what are they?
cholesterol esterase and pholipase A2
endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are activated by theis enzyme
enterokinase
what are some causes for steotorrhea?
blocked bile duct
ileal resection
pancreatic cancer
IDB, crohns
what cell types are released from acinar cells of the pancreas?
digestive enzymes like protease, amylases, lipases, nucleases
bicard and dilute onacreatic enzymes are released from these types of pancreatic cells
centroacinar and duct cells
An increase in H+ in the dudonum causes this preogression
s cells release secretin, increased cAMP in duct cells and bicarb is released
In the presence of fats and amino acids these cells release CCK
I cells
parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas is controlled via this peptide
moniter peptide which is digested when no more feul needs to be digested
why does CFTR cause pancreatitis?
no Cl/HCO3 exchanges lowers pH and decreases enzyem function
what are satiety signals to the brain?
GLP-1, CCK, insulin, Leptin
What does ghrelin do?
stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure via NPY and Agouti related peptide
This transporter brings in peptides and prevents some amino acid deficeiencies
PEPT-1
