Immunology

Question 1

List the defense strategies of the GI immune system

Answer 1

1. block entry into organism
2. block entry into cell
3. prohibit spread
4. direct killing
5. kill infected host cell
6. expulsion
7. nutrient deprivation

Question 2

What are the layers of defense (tissue) of the intestinal immune system?

Answer 2

1. intraepithelial
2. lamina propria
3. Peyer’s patches
4. mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 3

At what life stage do you have the most lymphoid follicles in your GI?

Answer 3

mid-teens

Question 4

Where are most of your Peyer’s patches located?

Answer 4

ileum (1:25 follicle:villi)

Question 5

What effect do vitamins have on the lymphocytes of the GI?

Answer 5

control migration
vit A- direct to gut
vit D- direct to epidermal skin

Question 6

Compare surface area of intestine to surface area of skin (which is greater?)

Answer 6

intestine 150x skin surface area

Question 7

What is the cytokine most implicated in inflammation?

Answer 7

TNF-kappa B

Question 8

Why is TH17 important?

Answer 8

It’s always active and helps control inflammation and extracellular pathogen response

Question 9

Which diseases of GI are associated w/ excess defensin activity?

Answer 9

CRC, acne, Crohn’s

Question 10

Where are beta-defensins found?

Answer 10

leukocytes and epithelial cells

Question 11

Name some cells used to kill infected host cells?

Answer 11

natural killer cells (NKC), natural killer T cells (NKTC), (type 1 interferon), cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

Question 12

Name some of the things that sequester cations for nutrient deprecation in the GI?

Answer 12

lactoferrin, calprotectin (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn), Zips/ZNT, NRAMP- natural resistance associated macrophage protein (Mn) -

Question 13

How do you sequester Tryptophan?

Answer 13

Indoalanine-2,3-dioxygenase

Question 14

How do you sequester lipids?

Answer 14

lipocalin

Question 15

How does your body attempt to get rid of ebola?

Answer 15

hyperstimulate IgE -> massive mast cell/eosinophilic burst

Question 16

Name some ways the body blocks entry into cells?

Answer 16

neutralizing antibodies block adherence, IgA synth., mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 17

Name some invasive microbes of the GI?

Answer 17

Salmonella typhimurim, Shigella flexnori

Question 18

What special GI immune cells recognize E. coli?

Answer 18

NK cells with gamma-delta recognizes the LPS on E. coli

Question 19

What are some methods of direct killing in the GI?

Answer 19

lysosomes, complement, ROS, RNS- reactive nitrogen species, anitmicrobial peptides

Question 20

Describe the novel ways that Mycobacteria and Syphilis have of resisting host immune system?

Answer 20

attack macrophages and neutrophils and shut off ROS component of host defense

Question 21

What factors activate TH1?

Answer 21

IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-12 for intracellular pathogen defense

Question 22

What factors activate TH2?

Answer 22

IL-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-4 for helminths and humoral (antibody mediated)

Question 23

What T cells regulate tolerance?

Answer 23

T-regs

Question 24

What T cells are associated w/ acute immune response and chronic?

Answer 24

acute= TH1 and lymphocytes
chronic= TH2 and TH17

Question 25

Main lymphocytes of lamina propria?

Answer 25

CD4+

Question 26

Main lymphocytes of intraepithelial barrier

Answer 26

CD8+

Question 27

name the TH1 cytokines

Answer 27

IFNgamma, TNF-alpha, IL-12

Question 28

name the TH2 cytokines

Answer 28

IL-10, 3, 4, 5

Question 29

name the TH17 cytokines

Answer 29

Il-17, -21, -22,

Question 30

name the Treg cytokines

Answer 30

Il-10

Question 31

Name things involved in direct killing in the gut

Answer 31

antimicrobial peptides (AMP)
Bacterial permeability increasing peptide (BPI)
Lysosomes
Complement
ROS, NOS