Biochem

Question 1

this enzyme breaks [alpha 1,4] bonds in the brush border

Answer 1

maltase-glycomylase

Question 2

[alpha 1,6] think this brush border enzyme

Answer 2

sucrase - isomaltase

Question 3

which enzyme is used to break down bugs?

Answer 3

trehalase [alpha 1,1]

Question 4

which cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 4

chief cells

Question 5

enteropeptidase is required to activate with enzyme?

Answer 5

trypsinogen

Question 6

what 3 pathways can fatty acid follow?

Answer 6

oxidation for energy
triaceylglycerol for storage
phospholipids, spingholipids for building blocks

Question 7

what is the purpose of VLDL?

Answer 7

deliver carbs/fats from liver to tissues

Question 8

what is the purpose of HDL?

Answer 8

maintain homeostasis of cholesterol/fats

Question 9

what is the only monosaccharide we consume?

Answer 9

fructose

Question 10

carbs enter the intestines through faciliated diffusion using this as a pump when needed

Answer 10

Na/K-ATPase

Question 11

this cofactor is used in transmamination, deaminations and carbon chain transfers

Answer 11

PLP

Question 12

When is FH4 used?

Answer 12

amino acid metabolism, def can cause megoblastic anemia

Question 13

what is the major apo protein of chylomicrons

Answer 13

apo B48

Question 14

What Apo proteins do HDL tag on chylomicrons?

Answer 14

ApoCII and ApoE

Question 15

HDL and LDL are primarily made of what?

Answer 15

HDL -protein

LDL -cholesterol

Question 16

Where is vitamin A stored in the liver?

Answer 16

stellate cells

Question 17

name some symptoms of vitamin A defieciency

Answer 17

anorexia, retarded growth, alopecia, night blindness, bitot’s spot

Question 18

what are saturated and unsaturated vitamin E called?

Answer 18

tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 19

what are 3 sources of vitamin K?

Answer 19

phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

Question 20

What substance regulates Calcium absoprtion?

Answer 20

calcitrol

Question 21

What is the transporter for Magnesium?

Answer 21

TrpM6

Question 22

where is most magnesium stored in the body?

Answer 22

bone lattice

Question 23

What is the defect in Gitelman’s syndrome?

Answer 23

AR mutation of SLC12A3 - thiazide sensitive NA/Cl transporter —> low Mg, Ca(urine), K

Question 24

what are the 3 functions of Cl?

Answer 24

gas exchange
gastric acid
HOCL in neutrophils

Question 25

what things increase secretion of K?

Answer 25

vasopressin and aldosterone

Question 26

These drugs can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia

Answer 26

antacids - this happens during kidney failure

Question 27

Where is phosphorus important?

Answer 27

bone and energy bonds

Question 28

What is dent's disease?

Answer 28

x-linked renal CL channel defect | can't acidify urine, excess Ca, protein in urine

Question 29

This channel allow Fe into cells This is added intracellularly and allows iron to pass through ferroportin. This substance facilitates iron into blood stream

Answer 29

DMT-1 ferritin hephaestin

Question 30

What is the link between copper and iron absorption?

Answer 30

Copper is required to make hephaestin

Question 31

when liver iron stores are high the body makes this protein to inhibit Fe absorption

Answer 31

hepcidin

Question 32

Name the transporter that brings copper into the body. | Transporter that allows Cu to leave?

Answer 32

CTR-1 | ATP7A

Question 33

What are the symptoms of Menke's kinky hair syndrome?

Answer 33

hypothermia, hyptonia, poor feeding, FTT and seizures

Question 34

what types of fiber are lignin and hemicellulose?

Answer 34

insoluble fiber

Question 35

what things does fiber do?

Answer 35

decreases lipid absoprtion lowers serum cholesterol promotes gut microbiome increases fecal bulk

Question 36

SCFA made by the gut have this effect on insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue has this effect

Answer 36

Increase sensitivity | decrease sensitivity

Question 37

Likely outcome of PGMI deficiency?

Answer 37

fasting hypoglycemia

Question 38

What are the enzymes in the liver that are required to transport ammonia?

Answer 38

``` CPS-1 and glutaminase (periportal - zone 1) glutamine synthase (perivenal - zone 3) ```

Question 39

What are pit cells?

Answer 39

liver associated lymphocytes

Question 40

what do phase 1 reactions do to substrates?

Answer 40

add hydroxyl groups

Question 41

The pentose phosphate pathway for providing this cofactor for fa synthesis, glutahione reduction and Cyp450 reactions

Answer 41

NADPH

Question 42

What does AST:ALT > 2 indicate

Answer 42

Liver damage secondary to alcohol abuse

Question 43

what does a decreased albumin indicate?

Answer 43

malnutrition

Question 44

what do increased serum globulins indicate?

Answer 44

liver disease, possibly increased antigenic material entering hepatic circulation

Question 45

describe what happens to body fuel stores after surgery, burns, trauma etc.

Answer 45

body rapidly mobolizes stored fuel for wound repair, water retention is increased, glucagon released, insulin impaired. Get hperglycemia from mobilzed proteolysis, lipolysis etc.

Question 46

Describe BMR

Answer 46

Basic metabolic rate -energy to function without movemebt, intake etc.

Question 47

What is TEE of healthy active adult in regards to REE?

Answer 47

REE (resting energy expenditure) + 20%

Question 48

Why do fats have less CO2 exhaled per O2 inhaled? RQ<1.0

Answer 48

Because they are the least oxidized