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Medicine exam > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 essential amino acids in the cat

A

Arginine and taurine

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of uptake of peptides in the GI tract?

A

Free amino acid are absorbed via Na+dependent cotransport

Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed (faster) by a H+dependent cotransport

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of uptake of Na in the GI tract?

A

Electrical and concentration gradient

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4
Q

What percentage of Na is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

65-67%

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5
Q

Between PGE2 and PGI2 which is the most important for protecting gastric mucosa?

A

PGE2?

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6
Q

Resting membrane potential is determine by

A

Passive diffusion of K (opened channels)

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7
Q

What substance is present in the gastric fluid of a fasting dog or horse?

A

Intrinsic factor

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8
Q

Where are J receptors located?

A

Alveoli

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9
Q

What increases cardiac contractility?

A

Increased blood pressure

Increased extracellular calcium?

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10
Q

In excitation contraction coupling, which structure is responsive for the spread of the action potential

A

T tubules

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11
Q

Where are bile acids conjugated?

A

Hepatocytes

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12
Q

A patient is lipemic after a 24 hr fast. This is due to elevation of which of the following?

A

VLDL

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13
Q

What causes release of Ach?

A

Influx of Ca

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14
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

Somatostatin

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15
Q

What is the primary constituent of chylomicrons?

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

What stimulates insulin release? Think amino acid

A

Alanine

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17
Q

An increase in what causes a decrease in GFR? (Think starling)

A

Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

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18
Q

GH (growth hormone) causes what? (think nutrients)

A

Decrease in carbohydrate utilization

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19
Q

What is a main stimulus of GI motility

A

Myenteric plexus

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20
Q

An abnormality of the ornithine cycle would result in an elevation of what?

A

Ammonia
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3).

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21
Q

What is the most potent stimulus of H+ release from the kidneys?

A

aldosterone

? ATII, elevated blood CO2, decreased K

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22
Q

Most potent stimulus of HCl release from parietal cells

A

Histamine and Ach, gastrin

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23
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the automaticity of cardiac pacemaker cells?

A

Slow Na and Ca channels

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24
Q

Osmosis due to protein is related to which property of the protein?

A

Number? (vs charge, mass, etc.)

25
Q

What activates pepsin in the stomach?

A

HCl

26
Q

What percentage of total body water is extracellular fluid?

A 
1/3
Remember 60-40-20 rule
Total body water = 60%
ICF = 40% 
ECF = 20% = 1/3 of total body water
27
Q

Which of the following would increase cerebral blood flow? (which blood substance)

A

Increased CO2

28
Q

What shifts O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right and left?

A

Increased temperature, CO2 (decreased PH), 2,3-DPG

Increased temp decreases affinity

29
Q

Bicarbonate secretion into the pancreatic duct results in which of the following?

A

Diffusion of water into the duct
- At high flow rates, the pancreas secretes an isotonic fluid that is composed mainly of Na and HCO3- (vs Cl at low flow rates).

30
Q

Know how to calculate anion gap.

A

Na (+K) - (cl+Hco3)

cation - anions

31
Q

What is the effect of temperature on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Increased temperature lowers the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

32
Q

What nerve transmits the information obtained by the baroreceptors?

A

Vagus

33
Q

What is the end metabolites of carbohydrates metabolism?

A

Glucose (mostly), also fructose and galactose

34
Q

What is the effect of insulin on LPL?

A

Increases LPL

35
Q

What is the MOA of microRNA?

A

Decreases gene expression?

36
Q

Which amino acids are ketogenic?

A

Lysine and leucine (wiki)

Something about alanine?

37
Q

Where is lactate metabolized to glucose?

A

In the liver. Krebs cycle.

38
Q

What is exchanged for bicarb?

In the distal ileum?

A

Cl-

39
Q

What is a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis?

A

Lactic acid
Ethylene glycol
DKA
Uremia

40
Q

What is NADP+ most important for?

A

ATP

41
Q

Know the order of enzymes in respiratory burst?

A 
NADPH oxidase
Superoxide dismutase
Myeloperoxidase
Gluthathione peroxidase
Gluthathione reductase
42
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

43
Q

What are vitamins that the body synthesizes?

A

?

44
Q

What causes urinary fractional excretion of Na < 1%?

A

Volume depletion vs normal?

45
Q

What transports Copper in plasma?

A

Ceruloplasmin

46
Q

Treatment for hypertryglyceridemia?

A

Low-fat diet

47
Q

What is the effect of alkalosis on iCa?

A

Acidosis increases iCa, alkalosis decreases iCa.

48
Q

What doesn’t allow FAs and glycerols to be repackaged as TGs in the SI?

A

Bile acids, emulsification agents, micelles

49
Q

What is an essential FA?

A

Linoleic acid

50
Q

Cause for low ionized calcium? (think pH disturbance)

A

Metabolic alkalosis - Because a portion of both hydrogen ions and calcium are bound to serum albumin, when blood becomes alkalotic, the bound hydrogen ions dissociate from albumin, freeing up the albumin to bind with more calcium and thereby decreasing the freely ionized portion of total serum calcium.

51
Q

What has the greatest effect on resistance?

A

Vessel radius

52
Q

If you have alveoli that are getting low oxygen, what happens in the tissues immediately adjacent to them?

A

Constriction of capillaries, moving blood to parts of the lungs that are better aerated.

53
Q

What substance (vasoactive) inhibits platelet aggregation?

A

Nitric oxide

54
Q

What is the most potent chemokine produced in the arachidonic acid cascade?

A

Leukotriene B4

55
Q

What detects glycoproteins?

A

CD40 - receptor for TNFa?

56
Q

What do microRNAs do?

A

Suppress gene expression

57
Q

What form makes up the majority of CO2 in the body?

A

HCO3-

58
Q

What form makes up the majority of iron in the body?

A

Hemoglobin

Medicine exam (14 decks)

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