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Medicine exam > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?
Where it is produced?
What regulates CSF pressure?

A

Reabsorbed and regulation of pressure: Arachnoid villi

Produced: Choroid plexus - ependymal cells

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2
Q

What is the long term treatment of myasthenia gravis?
What is the MOA?
What is the medication used to diagnose the condition?

A

Pyridostigmine
Long acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Edrophonium - short acting achesterase inhibitor (=tensilon test)

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3
Q 
Dog circling to the left with the following cranial nerve abnormalities:
Menace: L: normal, R: decreased
PLR: L: normal, R: normal
Nasal sensation: L: normal R: absent
Thoracic limb CP: L: normal R: decreased
Pelvic limb CP: L: Normal. R: decreased
Where is the lesion?
A

Left forebrain/cortex or thalamus (circling to the side of the lesion, deficits on the contralateral side)

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4
Q

What nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?

Parasympathetic to urethra?

A

External urethral sphincter: Pudendal

Parasympathetic to urethra: pelvic nerve

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5
Q

What % of animals that have cerebral-vascular events are hypertensive?

A

30%

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6
Q

What are signs of an upper motor neuron lesion?

A

Hyperreflexia (vs flaccidity and muscle atrophy)

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7
Q

Boxer with signs of steroid responsive meningitis. How can you definitively diagnose?

A

IgA levels in serum and CSF.

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8
Q

Patient with a dropped jaw and otherwise normal neuro exam, which nerve is affected?

A

Trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch.

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9
Q

Alpaca with dilated left pupil, menace is intact but left pupil does not constrict when light is shone in the left or right eye. Right eye is normal. Where is the lesion?

A

Left oculomotor nerve.

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10
Q

Bulldog with horizontal head tremors that last about 30 seconds. Tremors can be stopped with a treat. Dx?

A

Idiopathic
Idiopathic head bobbing?
Idiopathic paroxysmal head tremor -> may be horizontal or vertical

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11
Q

Goat with paradoxical vestibular signs? Where is the lesion?

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

Maltese that trembles when eating - neurolocalization?

A

Cerebellum

“White shaker syndrome”

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13
Q

Negative corneal reflex, negative palpebral OD localization

A

Absent palpebral and corneal reflex -> trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic input to the face?

A 
Facial nerve (including parasympathetic to lacrymal gland)
(3-7-9-10)
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15
Q

What is the innervation of myenteric and submucosal tissues?

A

Myenteric and submucosal parasympathetic plexus

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16
Q

Botulism MOA

A

Toxin prevents Ach release at NMJ

17
Q

MOA of anti-toxin for tetanus?

Tetanus toxin MOA

A

Tetanus antitoxin: binds and neutralizes any free toxin that is circulating in the bloodstream, but it is not effective against toxin that has already bound to nerve tissue.
Prevent release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine (inhibitory neurotransmitter like Gaba) from the interneurons in the spinal cord and brain resulting in excessive excitation of brainstem and motor neurons

18
Q

What triggers Ach release at NMJ?

19
Q

What triggers AP in a neuron?

A

Na influx?

Stimulation of the cell by neurotransmitter?

20
Q

Differentials for CNS signs and vascular changes secondary to hypertension.

A

Hyperthyroidism vs acromegaly

21
Q

Signs compatible with a right forebrain lesion?

A

Prosencephalon: abnormal mentation, depression, seizures
Gait/posture: head turn, circling ipsilateral to the lesion, normal gait.
Postural reactions: contralateral deficits
Cranial nerves: contralateral menace deficits

22
Q

Signs compatible with a brainstem lesion over thalamus?

A

Brainstem: negative corneal, negative menace, circling

23
Q

Signs of a C6-T2 lesions on thoracic limbs

A

Decreased withdrawal

24
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Constriction of pupil

25
Q

Hypertension leads to what neurologic change?

26
Q

Goat with neuro signs: circling to right, left sided cp deficits. Where is the lesion?

A

Right forebrain

27
Q

What is contraindicated in head trauma?

A

Methylprednisolone

28
Q

What metabolic derangement can worsen hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Metabolic alkalosis -> more NH4+ is converted to NH3 which can cross BBB making signs worse

29
Q

Goat with left head tilt and right proprioceptive deficits. Where is the lesion?

A

Cerebellum - paradoxical vestibular

30
Q

What CNS disease causes vascular changes via hypertension?

A

Hypersomatotropism

31
Q

Dog with hemi-inattention, decreased palpebral, etc, localization?

32
Q

Which spinal cord segment does the phrenic nerve come from?

Medicine exam (14 decks)

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