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Medicine exam > All together > Flashcards

All together Flashcards

1
Q

Plavix mechanism of action

A

Irreversible binding to the P2Y12 ADP receptor on the platelet. This reduces platelet aggregation.

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2
Q

Toxic metabolite in cyclophosphamide

A

Acrolein

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3
Q

Zones of liver

A

Oxidation = 1

Detoxification with glucoronidation = 3

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4
Q

What falsely increases total t4 in hypothyroid dogs?

A

Anti-t4 antibody cross-react.

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5
Q

Main nutrient for enterocytes?

A

Glutamine

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6
Q

Environmental factors causing lymphoma?

A

Urban environment, paints, solvents, magnetic fields (?)

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7
Q

What are lymphoglandular bodies?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments commonly observed in fine-needle aspiration cytology of lymphoid tissue, frequently associated with lymphoid malignancies. Less frequently reported in bone marrow aspirates.

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8
Q

Ricketsial disease that mimic lymphoma?

A

Erlichia canis

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9
Q

Vincristine toxicity?

A

GI ileus, neurotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy (?)

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10
Q

Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide) side effect + tx

A

Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis, treat with furosemide, mesna (mercoptan) is antidote

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11
Q

Doxorubicin cardio toxicity? Dose

A

180-240 mg/m2

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12
Q

Odds ratio?

A

Probability of having the disease (gold standard positive = prevalence)/probability of not having the disease (gold standard negative)
Odds of exposed group/odds of unexposed group (a/c)/(b/d)
*All you need to remember is the equation (AxD)/(BxC) and plug in the numbers

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13
Q

What bacteria is consistent with oropharyngeal contamination on airway cytology

A

Simonsiella

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14
Q

What cell makes surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes)

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15
Q

What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in blood?

A

70%

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16
Q

Carprofen

A

COX2 selectivity

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17
Q

Differences between oxygen and CO2 central vs peripheral?

A

Central respiratory rate controls - more CO2

Peripheral chemoreceptors - more O2

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18
Q

What medication increases drug concentrations and side effects of theophylline?

A

Enrofloxacin

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19
Q

Results of low O2 in peripheral vs pulmonary circulation?

A

Peripheral - vasodilator

Pulmonary - vasoconstricts

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20
Q

Effect of adenosine on vascular and bronchial tone

A

Vasodilates and bronchoconstricts

21
Q

What is the resultant increase in resistance of a 50% reduction in airway radius?

A

16 fold increase

22
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

Vascular right-to-left shunt

23
Q

Difference in action potentials of cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

?
Skeletal muscle dependent on fast sodium channels and slow calcium channels (this seems like it is the same?)
Cardiac have decreased K permeability after action potential starts until ca channels close
Calcium comes from t-tubules in cardiac instead of SR like skeletal

24
Q

MOA cyclosporine and tacrolimus

MOA azathioprine

A 
Calcineurin NFAT (nuclear factor activated T cells) inhibitor
Purine analog
25
Q

What liver enzyme is not elevated in feline hepatic lipidosis

A

GGT

26
Q

Pancreatic beta cells

A

High concentrations of glut 2 transporters

27
Q

Which WBC has shortest half-life

A

Eosinophils

28
Q

Heartworm classification

A

a. Class 1: asymptomatic to mild heart worm disease no radiographic signs or signs of anemia. May have subjective signs (fatigue/loss of condition
b. Class 2: moderate heartworm disease- radiographic signs of HW and signs of anemia. Mild proteinuria maybe present. Radiographic signs of right ventricular enlargement or slight pulmonary artery enlargement may be noted.
c. Class 3: severe HW disease- guarded prognosis. Cachexia, fatigue, dyspnea, cough, Right sided heart failure. Signs of anemia, proteinuria, severe pulmonary artery enlargement. Patients should be stabilized prior to treatment.
d. Class 4: caval syndrome, surgery first then adulticide treatment.

29
Q

Differences between acanthocheilonema reconditum vs HW

A

Width: HW 5-6 um, acanth 4-5 um -> acanth sl thinner
HW has straight end, acanth hook shaped and bent
HW moves but remain in single location, acanth moving forward
HW cellular anterior end, acanth clear

30
Q

Seizures in cats

A

Complex focal seizures

31
Q

Common bacterial agents in pyothorax

A

Pasteurella

32
Q

What glucose transporters are where in kidneys?

A

Glucose transporters on apical side is SGLT and on basolateral side is GLUT. *Watch video

33
Q

What is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule?

A

85% bicarb, 65% Na

34
Q

Toxic renal effects of NSAIDS

A

Acute cortical AKI and chronic medullary cytotoxicity

35
Q

Digoxin toxicity

A 
GI signs
Increased body temperature
AV block
Myocardial toxicity and ventricular arrhythmia
Renal damage to proximal tubules
Hyperkalemia
Too worse with hypokalemia and azotemia
36
Q

Interpretation of iron panel

A

tibc, ferritin, etc.

37
Q

E canis lookalike

A

CD8T leukemia on flow

38
Q

Which infectious agent causes late stage abortion

A

Brucella

39
Q

How is infection with hepatozoon transmitted

A

Ingestion of tick

40
Q

Side effect of apoquel (oclatinib)

A

diarrhea, bone marrow suppression

41
Q

What is slentrol?

A

Weight loss drug. MOA - microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor
Name: dirlotapide
Accumulation of lipids in enterocytes ->
It works locally in the intestine by inhibiting the transfer of lipids into the bloodstream which indirectly produces an appetite suppressant effect.

42
Q

Linoleic acid

A

Essential fatty acid

43
Q

Interferons Type 1 and Type 2?

A

Type 1: IFN alpha and beta and primary anti-viral/anti-cancer role
Type 2: IFN gamma and lambda - immunomodulatory

44
Q

MOA and drug interaction of allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Interacts with azathioprine

45
Q

Side effects azathioprine and breeds/species contraindications, drug interaction

A

GI, liver, pancreatitis, myelosuppression
Cats, giant schnauzer
Allopurinol

46
Q

MOA mycophenolate

A

Purine analog (like azathioprine), inhibits IMPDH

47
Q

Chlorambucil MOA and side effect

A

Alkylating agent, fanconi-like syndrome in cats

48
Q

Treatment is atropine response test is positive?

A

Propantheline

Medicine exam (14 decks)

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