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Medicine exam > Davis > Flashcards

Davis Flashcards

1
Q

Which substance is expected to be decreased in a patient with PH?

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

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2
Q

Which substance is inactivated in the lungs?

A

Bradykinin

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3
Q

What electrolyte abnormality can cause increased digoxin toxicity?

A

Hypokalemia

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4
Q

More sensitive HW test in the cat

A

Antibody test

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5
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Increased blood pressure/volume–>increased baroreceptor stretch–>increased vagal output–>decreased CO

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6
Q

In a patient with suspected drug reaction, what lesion do you biopsy?

A

Pustule

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7
Q

Thyroid panel in a dog with high TT4 and high TSH, what is the cause?

A

Functional thyroid tumor

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8
Q

Dog with:

  • Low baseline cortisol
  • Low ACTH
  • Low cortisol following ACTH stimulation
A

Secondary hypoadrenorcorticism

If ACTH was high would be primary

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9
Q

ACTH test:

  • High baseline cortisol
  • 4 hr post: normal <30
  • 8 hr post stim: high
A

Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (8 hr consistent with HAC and there was suppression indication PDH)

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10
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality could result in hemolysis following tx of DKA?

A

Hypophosphatemia

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11
Q

Bloodwork:

  • High ionized calcium
  • Normal PTH
A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

What is a feature of nutritional hyperparathyroidsm?

A

Increased renal excretion of phosphorus

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13
Q

Thyroid hormone with short latency period and rapid reach of maximal cellular activity?

A

T3

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14
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion effect on GFR?

A

Normal GFR. (renal blood flow increase)

Also dilution hyponatremia and volume retention

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15
Q

Bloodwork with

  • pH 7.2
  • HCO3- 10
  • CO2: 50
A

Mixed respiratory and metabolic Acidosis

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16
Q

Bloodwork showing low chloride (92), HCO3 (8), K (5.4) and Na (140) – what does this indicate?

A

Elevation in unmeasured anions.

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17
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating appetite?

What hormone suppresses appetite?

A

Stimulates: Ghrelin
Suppresses: Leptin (produced by adipose tissue)

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18
Q

Sensitivity

Specificity

A

Sensitivity: true pos/(true pos + false neg)
Specificity: true neg/(true neg + false pos)

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19
Q

If an animal was going to be euthanized if it tests positive for a disease, what type of test do you want?

A

Highly specific

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20
Q

Source of cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Human

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21
Q

What approaches zero as prevalence of a disease declines?

A

Positive predictive value

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22
Q

What can bring about a hemolytic crisis in dogs with PFK deficiency?

A

Exercise

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23
Q

Young dog with history of recurrent infections and elevated WBC count? What is the cause?

A

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CD18)

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24
Q

% of ICU hospitalized patients with nosocomial infections?

A

16% (cats 12%)

Approx 15%

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25
Q

Most specific way to diagnose feline pancreatitis?

A

Abdominal ultrasound

26
Q

Diagnostic for PLE?

A

Alpha 1 protease inhibitor (fecal)

27
Q

Best tx for acute exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Cleasing enema

28
Q

Why is alkaline phosphatase more specific in cats?

A

Liver specific and also has a shorter half-life than in the dog

29
Q

How is ALP cleaved from the biliary membrane?

A

Bile salts

30
Q

When are post prandial bile acids useful?

A

To differentiate liver disease vs PLE in a hypoalbuminemic patient.

31
Q

Mechanism of neutrophil killing?

A

Respiratory burst using NADPH

Also release of lytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides from granules -> lysosome fuse with phagosome = phagolysosome

32
Q

Where are NK cells formed?

A

Bone marrow, then travel to lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, LN)

33
Q

Neutrophils bind to antibody coated organism via what receptor?

A

CD32

34
Q

What do NK cells secrete?

A

IFN gamma

35
Q

What is the main clinical sign of SLE?

A

Non-erosive polyarthritis

36
Q

CpG and LPA are example of

A

PAMPs

37
Q

There are more BP substitutions in the coding versus non-coding region go MHC Class II receptor. This means that MHC II diversity is?

A

An advantage

38
Q

Function of micro RNA

A

Decreased gene expression

39
Q

What part of the cell does Lupus attack?

What antibody test is used for diagnosing lupus?

A

Nucleus

Which is why you can diagnose by detection of anti-nuclear antibodies

40
Q

IL-4, 10 and 13 cause macrophage to become

A

M2
M1 stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines or microbial products, high antigen presentation, IL-12, IL-23, NO
M1 macrophages are classically activated, typically by IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and produce proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytize microbes, and initiate an immune response. M1 macrophages produce nitric oxide (NO) or reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) to protect against bacteria and viruses.

M2 macrophages are alternatively activated by exposure to certain cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13. M2 macrophages will produce either polyamines to induce proliferation or proline to induce collagen production. These macrophages are associated with wound healing and tissue repair.

41
Q

Vesiculobulbous lesions of the mucous membranes in the mouth

A

Pemphigus

42
Q

Mutations in TLR-4 will ____ the risk of sepsis and _____ the risk of gram negative infections (know TLRs)

A

Increase, decrease

43
Q

Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest concentration in the blood?

A

IgG highest concentration, smallest Ig, IgG secreted later = secondary immune response, opsonization
IgM - largest Ig, secreted first = primary immune response
IgA - mucosal surfaces, IgA does neutralization
IgE - Smallest concentration, mast cells, opsonization
IgD - smallest, not present in cats

44
Q

Kallikrein receptor?

A

?

45
Q

Drug to treat Neorickettsia helminthoeca, in addition to doxy?

A

Praziquantel

46
Q

Most specific test for diagnosis of T. gondii in a cat with clinical signs?

A

IgM > 1:64 in CSF

47
Q

Young cat with acute hemolytic anemia and epicellular RBC parasites? tx

A

Doxycycline - likely mycoplasma haemofelis

*Mycoplasma does not have a cell wall so cannot use cell wall inhibitor like penicillins or cephalosporins

48
Q

Pyothorax in dog with non-acid fast filamentous organism?

A

Actinomyces (vs nocardia would be acid-fast)

49
Q

Most common infectious cause of discospondylitis?

A

Staph aureus

50
Q

Large bowel diarrhea, rectal scraping show small (2-4 um) organisms inside macrophages - diagnosis?

A

Histoplasmosis

51
Q

Cat positive for FIV. Gave birth 4 weeks ago and kittens were also positive. What to do?

A

Isolate kittens and retest in 6 months because of maternal antibodies
FIV test antibodies
FeLV test antigen

52
Q

Horses and dogs are reservoir for humans for which pathogen?

A

Staph aureus

53
Q

What tick carries anaplasma phagocytophilum?

A

Ixodes (co transmitted with Borrelia)

54
Q

What agent causes myocarditis in dogs, cerebellar hypoplasia in cats and diarrhea in pigs?

A

Parvovirus

55
Q

How do you diagnose rabies?

A

IFA on brainstem, cerebellum

56
Q

Cryptococcus diagnosis

A

Latex agglutination test

57
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Need live organism for diagnosis

58
Q

How to diagnose hepatozoon americanum?

A

Muscle biopsy

59
Q

Vaginal cytology of an intact female dog: no blood, no neutrophils, but angular epithelial cells with small nuclei. Which phase of the cycle does this correspond to?

A

Estrus

60
Q

What effect does stimulation of the baroreceptors have?

A

Activation of the vagal center

61
Q

Mechanisms of neutrophil killing?

A

Respiratory burst via NADPH oxidase.

62
Q

What is a goal within 6 hours of resuscitation when following the goal directed sepsis therapy?

A

Attain MAP of at least 65mmHg

Medicine exam (14 decks)

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