Physio Finals (24-25) Flashcards
- The Gibbs-Donnan effect is the increase in osmotically active particles in the cell due to an impermeant intracellular molecule which is:
A. Potassium
B. Proteins
C. Water
D. Chloride
B. Proteins
- In skeletal muscle, this stimulates the RYR (ryanodine) receptors to release calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A. Conformational change of DHPR receptors
B. Increased activity of SERCA
C. Release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminal
D. Entry of ECF calcium
Conformational change of DHPR receptors
- The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart for this reason
A. It has the fastest spontaneous depolarization
B. It is the largest cell with spontaneous depolarization
C. It is located in the right atrium
D. It connects to the AV node
It has the fastest spontaneous depolarization
- Smooth muscles particularly the single unit type are able to contract as a unit due to the rapid transmission of action potentials between cells through
A. Gap junctions
B. Zona occludens
C. Terminal varicosities
D. Tight junctions
Gap junctions
- The energy for one of the following transport systems comes from the direct utilization or hydrolysis of ATP
A. Passive transport
B. Primary active transport
C. Secondary active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion
Primary active transport
- Cardiac muscle cells are able to modulate the force of contraction through this mechanism
A. Recruitment of more motor units
B. Tetanic contractions
C. Increase in ATP binding to myosin head
D. Varying amount of extracellular Ca2+ that enters
Varying amount of extracellular Ca2+ that enters
- A change in the ECF value of one of the following ions will affect membrane voltage
A. Potassium
B. Sodium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Sodium
- The activity of the following will result to the relaxation of cardiac muscles EXCEPT:
A. Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump
B. SERCA
C. Voltage-gated L type channel
D. 3Na+1Ca2+ antiporter
Voltage-gated L type channel
- Which of the following binds to nuclear receptors to affect gene expression?
A. Acetylcholine
B. Epinephrine
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
- Which of these sensory afferent fibers of the muscle spindles is sensitive to both amount and rate of stretch and is therefore sensitive to transient stretches such as when a doctor elicits the knee jerk reflex by tapping the patellar tendon?
A. Group II
B. Group Ia
C. Group III
D. Group Ib
Group Ia
- Which of the following causes the movement of water between ICF and ECF?
A. Osmotic pressure difference
B. Membrane permeability to water
C. Amounts of water ingested
D. Number of aquaporins present
Osmotic pressure difference
- A decrease in one of the following will most affect plasma oncotic pressure
A. Membrane voltage
B. ATP
C. Proteins
D. Sodium
Proteins
- In smooth muscles, calcium can be released from inositol triphosphate (InsP3)-gated Ca2+ channel in response to
A. Hormones binding to receptors
B. Action potentials
C. ATP binding to myosin heads
D. ECF Ca2+ entering the cell
Hormones binding to receptors
- The most important factor in the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue is
A. CNS conditioning
B. Depletion of energy stores
C. Accumulation of metabolic by-products
D. Increase in pH in the environment
Accumulation of metabolic by-products
- In skeletal muscles, one of the following causes myosin heads to dissociate from the actin binding sites
A. Anticipation of next powerstroke
B. Decrease in the amount of ATP
C. Binding of new ATP molecule to myosin head
D. Increase in myoplasmic calcium
Binding of new ATP molecule to myosin head
- Which of the following pairs is correct regarding the neurotransmitters released by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
A. Preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic are adrenergic
B. Majority of postganglionic sympathetic fibers are cholinergic
C. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic
D. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the piloerector muscles are adrenergic
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic
- Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?
A. Mitochondria – site of oxidative phosphorylation
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – protein synthesis
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – contains proteases, lipases, and nucleases
D. Golgi apparatus – detoxification and lipid synthesis
Mitochondria – site of oxidative phosphorylation
- This second messenger activates ligand-activated Ca2+ channels to release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum in smooth muscles
A. Leukotrienes
B. Inositol triphosphate
C. cAMP
D. Nitric oxide
Inositol triphosphate
- One of the following causes the relaxation of skeletal muscles
A. Decrease in amounts of available ATP
B. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi
C. Resequestration of Ca2+ into the SR
D. Powerstroke of actin and myosin filaments
Resequestration of Ca2+ into the SR
- Stretch of cardiac muscles can also increase the force of contraction because
A. More actin and myosin interactions due to decreased space between them
B. Increased sensitivity to Ca2+
C. Both
D. Neither
More actin and myosin interactions due to decreased space between them
- Which of the following is an adrenergic/sympathetic response?
A. Pupillary constriction
B. Increase intestinal secretion
C. Decreased heart rate
D. Bronchial muscle relaxation
Bronchial muscle relaxation
- What is the role of Ca2+ in smooth muscle contraction?
A. Binds to Troponin C to expose actin binding sites
B. Binds to calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase
C. Cause conformational change in tropomyosin
D. Cause slow cycling of actin and myosin
Binds to calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase
- Protein kinase C is activated in the presence of which of the following second messenger?
A. Inositol triphosphate
B. cAMP
C. Tyrosine kinase
D. DAG
DAG
- Water moves out from the ICF to the ECF with the addition of
A. Hypotonic NaCl solution to the ECF
B. Isotonic NaCl solution to the ECF
C. Hypertonic NaCl solution to the ECF
D. Isotonic solution to the ICF
Hypertonic NaCl solution to the ECF
- The ability of a cell to respond to a signalling molecule with specificity and high affinity depends on the presence of one of the following
A. Hormones
B. Second messengers
C. Receptors
D. Neurotransmitters
Receptors
- Which of the following secretes antibodies that are reactive agents against foreign antigens?
A. B lymphocytes
B. T helper lymphocytes
C. T cytotoxic lymphocytes
D. T suppressor lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
- Selective phagocytosis to prevent ingestion of normal cells of the body by neutrophils and macrophages takes place by
A. Tissues and cells having smooth surfaces
B. Absence of protective coat on cell structures
C. Antibodies targeting normal tissues
D. Non selective opsonisation by C3
Tissues and cells having smooth surfaces
- Agglutination: negative Anti-A, positive Anti-B
A. Type O
B. Type A
C. Type B
D. Type AB
Type A
- These are greatly enhanced forms of B lymphocytes, once exposed to specific antigen cause a much rapid and potent antibody response
A. Plasmablast
B. Lymphoblast
C. Memory cells
D. Antigen presenting cells
Memory cells
- Inflamed tissues releases cytokines which causes endothelial cells to secret selectins and ICAM-1 which reacts with neutrophils’ integrin causing adhesion
A. Diapedesis
B. Margination
C. Phagocytosis
D. Chemotaxis
Margination
- Formed during the primary response
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgE
D. IgA
IgM
- The most common form of haemoglobin in the adult human being is a combination of
A. Two alpha chains and two gamma chains
B. Two alpha chains and two beta chains
C. Two alpha chains and two delta chains
D. Two beta chains and two delta chains
Two alpha chains and two beta chains
- Which of the following is a direct action of antibodies when they cover the toxic sites of the antigen?
A. Agglutination
B. Precipitation
C. Neutralization
D. Lysis
Neutralization
- After age 20, red blood cells are produced in the following
A. Iliac
B. Spleen
C. Bone marrow
D. Lymph nodes
Iliac
- Transplant between identical twins are called
A. Autografts
B. Isografts
C. Allografts
D. Xenografts
Isografts
- Direct attack cells that binds to invasive organisms which secretes perforins
A. T helper cells
B. T cytotoxic cells
C. T suppressor cells
D. B cells
T cytotoxic cells
- Which of the following have the greatest diversity?
A. B lymphocytes
B. T helper lymphocytes
C. T cytotoxic lymphocytes
D. T suppressor lymphocytes
T helper lymphocytes
- This portion of the antibodies attaches to a particular type of antigen
A. Variable portion
B. Constant portion
C. Light chain
D. Heavy chain
Variable portion
- Which type of WBC has the longest life span?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Basophils
Lymphocytes
- Most numerous T cells and major regulator of the immune system forming lymphokines
A. T helper cells
B. T cytotoxic cells
C. T suppressor cells
D. B cells
T helper cells
- Of the total WBCs in the blood, which type has the highest percentage?
A. Neutrophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Basophils
Neutrophils
- Which of the following are examples of acquired immunity?
A. Immunization
B. Non-IgE allergy
C. Asthma
D. Parasitism
Immunization
- Which of the following is/are responsible for humoral immunity?
A. T cytotoxic lymphocytes
B. T helper lymphocytes
C. T suppressor lymphocytes
D. B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
- Which of the following best describes the human body’s innate immunity?
A. Develop after the body is first attacked by bacteria, viruses or toxins
B. Often weeks or months are required for the immunity to develop
C. Presence in the blood of certain substances and cells that attaches to foreign organisms and destroy them
D. Powerful and specific response to an individual invading agent
Presence in the blood of certain substances and cells that attaches to foreign organisms and destroy them
- This portion of the antibodies determines the ease by which the antibodies pass through membrane
A. Variable portion
B. Constant portion
C. Light chain
D. Heavy chain
Constant portion
- This portion of the antibodies determines adherence to specific structures within the tissues
A. Variable portion
B. Constant portion
C. Light chain
D. Heavy chain
Constant portion
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid are most essential in which stage of erythropoiesis?
A. Colony formation
B. Differentiation
C. Growth
D. Maturation
Differentiation
- When Iron (Fe2+) combines with a beta globulin in the blood plasma and transported to tissue cells
A. Ferritin
B. Transferrin
C. Apotransferrin
D. Apoferritin
B. Transferrin
- The first cell that can be identified as belonging to the eryhthroblast series
A. Basophil erythroblast
B. Polychomatophil erythroblast
C. Orthochromatic erythroblast
D. Proerythroblast
Proerythroblast
- Preprocessing of T lymphocytes occur in the
A. Liver
B. Bone marrow
C. Thymus
D. Lymph nodes
Thymus
- Which of the following humoral factors contribute to vasodilatation?
A. Adenosine
B. Endothelin
C. Vasopressin
D. Angiotensin II
Adenosine
- Which of the following compensatory mechanisms is expected to occur when a person stands up from a supine position?
A. Increase contractility
B. Decrease in heart rate
C. Decrease in cardiac output
D. Decrease total peripheral resistance
Increase contractility
- Which of the following statements does NOT describe the cardiac function curve?
A. Cardiac output is dependent on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
B. Cardiac output is dependent on central venous pressure
C. Cardiac output is dependent on right atrial pressure
D. Cardiac output is dependent on right ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Cardiac output is dependent on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
- Which of the following receptors would decrease the heart rate when stimulated?
A. Muscarinic receptors
B. β2 receptors
C. β1 receptors
D. α1 receptors
β2 receptors
- Which of the following intracellular concentrations of ions best correlated with myocardial contractility?
A. Ca2+
B. K+
C. Na+
D. Mg2+
Ca2+
- Which of the following mechanisms would explain the increase in myocardial contractility when increasing heart rate?
A. More Ca2+ ions enter the cell during each action potential
B. Increasing entry of more Ca2+ during the plateau
C. Inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump
D. Increasing the storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
More Ca2+ ions enter the cell during each action potential
- Which of the following would demonstrate increase in myocardial contractility by the Frank-Starling relationship?
A. Decreased cardiac output for a given end-diastolic volume
B. Increased cardiac output for a given end-diastolic volume
C. Increased cardiac output for a given end-systolic volume
D. Decreased cardiac output for a given end-systolic volume
Increased cardiac output for a given end-diastolic volume
- Which of the following conditions will increase output?
A. Hypertension
B. Normal inspiration
C. Severe hypoxemia
D. Supraventricular tachycardia
Normal inspiration
- Which of the following components is expected to decrease when administering a positive inotropic agent?
A. Cardiac output
B. End-systolic volume
C. Stroke volume
D. Heart rate
End-systolic volume
- Which of the following parameters is NOT expected during moderate exercise?
A. Increase in total peripheral resistance
B. Increase in cardiac output
C. Increase in heart rate
D. Increase in pulse pressure
Increase in total peripheral resistance
- Which of the following variables can be used interchangeably to label the x-axis in the cardiac-vascular curve?
Picture
A. Pulse pressure
B. Mean systemic filling pressure
C. End-systolic volume
D. End-diastolic volume
End-diastolic volume
- Which of the following statements best describe the compensatory mechanisms during an acute blood loss?
A. Direction of the secondary changes in pressure is toward the direction of the initiating change
B. Reduction of vagal tone and enhancement of sympathetic tone
C. Threshold for stimulation of baroreceptors is at an arterial pressure of 40 mmHg.
D. NaCl and water excretion is increased
Reduction of vagal tone and enhancement of sympathetic tone
- Which of the following conditions would increase myocardial contractility?
A. Severe hypoxia
B. Cholinergic stimulation
C. Infusion of norepinephrine
D. inspiration
Infusion of norepinephrine
- Which of the following factors will cause the upward shift as seen in the cardiac function curve?
Picture
A. Increased in total peripheral resistance
B. Increased mean systemic filling pressure
C. Increased blood volume
D. Increased contractility
Increased contractility
- Entry of Ca2+ into myocytes is responsible for phase __ of cardiac action potential
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
0
- Heart rate increases when one of these is present
A. Faster rate of phase 0
B. Faster rate of phase 3
C. Less negative resting membrane potential
D. Less negative threshold potential
Faster rate of phase 0
- Restoration of ionic concentration during phase 4 is achieved by
A. Ca2+ influx by 3Na+1Ca2+ antiporter
B. Ca2+ influx by Ca2+ATPase pump
C. Na+ efflux by 3Na+Ca2+ antiporter
D. Na+ efflux by Na+K+ATPase
Na+ efflux by Na+K+ATPase
- Closure of aortic valve is heard best at
A. 2nd intercostal space left sternal border
B. 2nd intercostal space right sternal border
C. 5th intercostal space left midclavicular line
D. 5th intercostal space right sternal border
2nd intercostal space right sternal border
- Ejection phase of cardiac cycle has one of these characteristics
A. Left ventricular pressure is low
B. Left ventricular volume is low
C. Pulmonic valve is closed
D. Tricuspid valve is open
Left ventricular volume is low
- The period between closure of semilunar valves and opening of atrioventricular valves is
A. Isovolumic contraction
B. Isovolumetric relaxation
C. Rapid ejection
D. Rapid filling
Isovolumetric relaxation
- Phase 3 of cardiac action potential is due to
A. Efflux of K+
B. Efflux of Na+
C. Influx of K+
D. Influx of Na+
Efflux of K+
- Slow response action potential has one of these characteristics
A. Absent phase 2
B. Less steep phase 0
C. More negative phase 4
D. More distinct phase 3
More negative phase 4
- P wave of the electrocardiogram coincides with ___ phase of cardiac cycle
A. Atrial systole
B. Diastasis
C. Ejection
D. Filling
Atrial systole
- Stroke volume increases when there is INCREASED:
A. Afterload
B. Heart rate
C. Peripheral vascular resistance
D. Venous return
Heart rate
- The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Fenestrated capillary endothelium
B. Mesangial cells
C. Basement membrane
D. Podocytes
Mesangial cells
- Which of the following will most likely increase GFR? The glomerular filtration rate increases when
A. The afferent arteriolar resistance increases
B. The efferent arteriolar resistance decreases
C. There is an obstruction in urine flow
D. The plasma protein concentration decreases
The plasma protein concentration decreases
- If all other variables are kept constant, what happens to the glomerular filtration rate when arterial blood pressure decreases?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains the same
Decreases
- If afferent arteriole radius decreases in response to an increase in blood pressure, then glomerular filtration _____
A. Remains approximately the same
B. Increases
C. Decreases
Decreases
- Which of the following may NOT stimulate the JG cells to increase in renin secretion?
A. Renal ischemia
B. Increased amount of Na+ in PCT
C. Narrowing of afferent arteriole
D. Decreased amount of Na+ in DCT
Increased amount of Na+ in PCT
- Which of the following nephron segments will the tubular fluid be isotonic to plasma when ADH secretion is high?
A. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B. Cortical collecting tubule
C. Medullary collecting tubule
D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Cortical collecting tubule
- In the presence of ALDOSTERONE the tubular fluid osmolarity in LETTER E will Picture
A. Decrease
B. Be predominantly made up of anions
C. Remain the same
D. Increase
Decrease
A. When tubular fluid volume increases in LETTER A, which of the following will be the correct consequence? Picutre
A. Tubular fluid flow increases
B. Tubular fluid osmolarity in A will increase
C. Tubular fluid oncotic pressure in B will increase
D. Tubular fluid reabsorption in C increases
Tubular fluid flow increases
- What happens if afferent arteriolar resistance increases? GFR will _____ and RBF will
_____
A. Increase; increase
B. Increase; decrease
C. Decrease; decrease
D. Decrease; increase
Decrease; decrease
- As tubular flow increases, potassium secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts will
A. Prevent Na reabsorption via the Enac channels
B. Prevent the activity of the Na/K ATPase in the basolateral membrane
C. Decrease
D. Increase
Increase
- Decreasing the resistance of the afferent arteriole in the glomerulus of the kidney will decrease which of the following?
A. Glomerular filtration rate
B. Filtration fraction
C. Renal plasma flow
D. Renin release from juxtaglomerular cells
Renal plasma flow
- As blood flows into the afferent arteriole of a newly transplanted kidney, the countercurrent multiplication system will start when:
A. The Na/K ATPase activity in the TAL is activated
B. The ultrafiltrate is delivered into the Bowmans space
C. Tubular fluid flows into the descending thin limb
D. The 1Na1K2Cl symport system in the TAL reabsorbs the solutes
The 1Na1K2Cl symport system in the TAL reabsorbs the solutes
- Regarding the Aldoterone Paradox, which of the following statements best explains the concept? Aldosterone increases when:
A. Serum potassium increases
B. Serum sodium increases
C. Plasma osmolarity increases
D. RAAS is activated
Serum potassium increases
- Increasing the blood flow in the vasa recta will lead to which of the following consequences?
A. Osmolarity of the medullary interstitium increases
B. The hyperosmolar medullary interstitium will be prolonged
C. Plasma osmolarity along the ascending limb of the vasa recta increases
D. The countercurrent multiplier activity increases
Plasma osmolarity along the ascending limb of the vasa recta increases
- Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will cause the countercurrent exchanger to
A. Prolonged hyperosmolarity of the medullary interstitium
B. Increase the reabsorption of urea more than Na+
C. Increase the hydrostatic pressure in its ascending limb
D. Increase the reabsorption of Na+ more than urea
Increase the reabsorption of Na+ more than urea
- Which of the following is NOT an effect of the 1Na+-1K+-2Cl transporter in the apical membrane of the TAL?
A. It moves K+ against its gradient into the cell
B. It decreases the osmolality of the tubular fluid of the TAL
C. It maintains electroneutrality by moving 2 positively charged solutes with 2 molecules of a negatively charged solute
D. It enhances urea absorption in the tubular fluid
It maintains electroneutrality by moving 2 positively charged solutes with 2 molecules of a negatively charged solute
- A patient reports he is always thirsty, and his breath smells like acetone. He is suspected to have diabetes mellitus, and this is confirmed by a urine sample that tests positive for glucose and a blood sample that shows an FBS of 400mg/dL. Compared with normal, one would expect these changes in the urine.
A. Decreased urine pH, increased NH4+ excretion, decreased 24hr urine volume, decreased renal HCO3 production
B. Increased urine pH, decreased NH4+ excretion, decreased 24hr urine volume, decreased renal HCO3 production
C. Decreased urine pH, increased NH4+ excretion, increased 24hr urine volume, increased renal HCO3 production
D. Decreased urine pH, decreased NH4+ excretion, decreased 24hr urine volume, decreased renal HCO3 production
Decreased urine pH, decreased NH4+ excretion, decreased 24hr urine volume, decreased renal HCO3 production
- A concentrated urine can be produced when the vasa recta causes which of the choices below?
A. A decrease in water reabsorption in the ascending limb of the vasa recta
B. An increase in NaCl reabsorption in ascending limb of the vasa recta
C. A decrease in the resistance in the descending and ascending limbs
D. A decrease in the plasma osmolarity of ascending limb of the vasa recta
An increase in NaCl reabsorption in ascending limb of the vasa recta
- Acute metabolic acidosis tends to _____
intracellular K+ concentration and _____ K+ secretion by the cortical collecting tubules
A. Decrease; increase
B. Decrease; decrease
C. Increase; decrease
D. Increase; increase
Decrease; decrease
- SGK1 or serum glucocorticoid-stimulated kinase enhances sodium reabsorption because it increases the activity of which of the choices below?
A. Potassium secretion across the apical membrane
B. Na/H exchanger activity
C. Epithelial sodium channels
D. Na/K ATPase activity
Na/K ATPase activity
- This will occur in LETTER D when the oncotic pressure in LETTER C (Picture)
A. Increased tubular fluid volume
B. Decreased tubular fluid osmolarity
C. Increased tubular fluid oncotic pressure
D. Increased tubular fluid reabsorption
Increased tubular fluid oncotic pressure
- Referring to the drawing, an increase in perfusion will lead to an increase in filtration fraction where?
A. B
B. C
C. A
D. D
A
- Referring to the drawing, the type of capillary network in LETTER B
A. Discontinuous
B. Fenestrated
C. Sinusoidal
D. Continuous
Fenestrated
- Referring to the drawing, when the macula densa reabsorbs a high amount of sodium chloride, tubuloglomerular feedback will cause the vessel diameter of LETTER ___ to change
A. B
B. C
C. D
D. A
A
- Referring to the drawing, during euvolemia, when letter D reabsorbs 67% of solutes and water. This will make the osmolarity in LETTER ___
A. B
B. D
C. A
D. C
B
- Glomerular filtration produces an infiltrate of plasma
A. In which the concentration of protein is equal to plasma
B. Containing only those substances which must be eliminated in the urine
C. In which the concentration of electrolytes is equal to plasma
D. That has a higher concentration of electrolytes
In which the concentration of electrolytes is equal to plasma
The plasma concentration at which a particular substance begins to appear in the urine
A. Transport maximum
B. Fractional excretion
C. Renal Threshold
D. Filtered load
Renal Threshold
Which of the following might you expect to find associated with chronic renal failure?
A. A low plasma creatinine concentration
B. Low PTH
C. A high hematocrit
D. Decrease bone density
Decrease bone density
2 Which of the following best describes the vasa recta? The vasa recta:
A. Extend from the efferent arterioles of the superficial cortical nephrons
B. Are straight portions of the proximal tubules
C. Comprise the capillary network in the medullary region of the kidney
D. Are the straight segments of the arterioles found near the macula densa
Comprise the capillary network in the medullary region of the kidney
- The renal countercurrent mechanism is dependent upon the relationship between the:
A. Loop of Henle and the macula densa
B. Distal tubule and the macula densa
C. Loop of Henle and the vasa recta
D. Glomerulus and the afferent and efferent arterioles
Loop of Henle and the vasa recta
- An increase in the osmolality of the ECF will:
A. Stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors and stimulate
ADH
C. Inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors and inhibit
ADH
D. Stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors and inhibit
ADH
E. Inhibit the volume and osmoreceptors and stimulate
ADH
Stimulate the volume and osmoreceptors and inhibit
ADH
Which of the following tends to increase potassium secretion by the cortical collecting tubule?
A. A diuretic that decreases loop of Henle sodium reabsorption (e.g., furosemide)
B. Decreased plasma potassium concentration
C. Low sodium intake
D. Acute metabolic acidosis
A diuretic that decreases loop of Henle sodium reabsorption (e.g., furosemide)
Which of the following tends to increase GFR?
A. Increased Bowman’s capsule hydraulic pressure
B. Decreased efferent arteriolar resistance
C. Increased afferent arteriolar resistance
D. Increased glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
Increased glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
1 The maximum clearance rate possible for a substance that is completely cleared from the plasma is equal to which of the following?
A. GFR
B. Renal plasma flow
C. Filtration fraction
D. Filtered load of that substance
Renal plasma flow
- A patient was admitted to the hospital because of glomerulonephritis. His GFR was assessed to be at 50%. You expect to see a high plasma concentration of which of the following?
A. Glucose
B. Creatinine
C. Sodium
D. Potassium
Creatinine
Under conditions of normal renal function, the concentration of urea in the tubular fluid at the tip of the 2nd half of the proximal tubule is expected to be:
A. Higher in the urine
B. Higher than plasma urea
C. Higher than the tubular fluid concentration of urea at the tip of the loop of Henle
D. Lower than plasma urea because urea is absorbed in the CCD
Higher than plasma urea
- In normal kidneys, which if the following is true of the renal tubular fluid that flows through the early DCT near the macula densa?
A. Hypertonic compared with plasma
B. Isotonic compared with plasma
C. Hypotonic compared with plasma
D. Hypertonic compared with plasma during dehydration
Hypotonic compared with plasma
A kidney donor had a renal arteriogram which revealed renal artery stenosis with a GFR of only 25% of his remaining kidney. Which of the following changes do you expect to occur?
A. Decreased urinary creatinine excretion at 25% of normal
B. Decreased urinary sodium excretion at 25% of normal
C. Increased serum creatinine to about 4x of normal
D. Increased serum sodium concentration
Increased serum creatinine to about 4x of normal
When a vasodilator is administered to a normal individual that leads to a 50% decrease in arteriolar resistance, but no effect on blood pressure, you expect that there will be a:
A. Increase in RBF, GFR and a decrease in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increase in RBF, GFR and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Decrease in RBF, GFR and an increase in peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Decrease in RBF, GFR and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increase in RBF, GFR and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following changes tends to increase peritubular capillary fluid reabsorption?
A. A low filtration fraction
B. A high blood pressure
C. A high efferent arteriolar resistance
D. A high renal blood flow
A high efferent arteriolar resistance
- Intravenous infusion of 1 liter 0.45% NaCl will lead to a decrease of which of the following after osmotic equilibrium?
a. There will be no change
b. Intracellular fluid volume
c. Intracellular fluid osmolarity
d. Extracellular fluid volume
Intracellular fluid osmolarity
- When the dietary intake of potassium increases, K+ balance is maintained in the kidneys via which logical mechanism?
a. Decreased K+ reabsorption by the TAL
b. Decreased K+ reabsorption in the PCT
c. Decreased K+ reabsorption by the late DCT and CCD
d. Decreased glomerular filtration of K+
Decreased K+ reabsorption by the TAL
As a primary care physician, you prescribed a loop diuretic to your patient for 1 month to manage his hypertension. A diuretic promotes urination. Which of the following will you expect to find once the patient comes back to you after a month?
A. A low ECF volume
B. A low plasma potassium
C. A normal urine solutions
D. A low blood pressure
A low plasma potassium
- As hydrostatic pressure in the paracellular spaces of the PCT increases, which of the following choices will occur?
a. Osmotic pressure in the paracellular spaces increases
b. Water moves towards the tubular fluid
c. Hydrostatic pressure in the tubular fluid decreases
d. Moves towards the capillaries
Hydrostatic pressure in the tubular fluid decreases
Which of the following concerning the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is correct? It:
A. Is independent of the size of the renal capillary bed
B. Is approximately 250ml/min
C. Is maintained despite a fall in systemic pressure below 90mHg
D. Exceeds the clearance of a substance if there is net tubular reabsorption
Exceeds the clearance of a substance if there is net tubular reabsorption
- A distraught 26 year old male, came to the ER, and his ABG revealed pH
7.46, CO2 32mmHg, HCO3-23mEq/L. Which of the following would be the acid base condition?
a. Combined, Uncompensated
b. Respiratory alkalosis, Uncompensated
c. Metabolic alkalosis, Uncompensated
d. Respiratory acidosis, Partially compensated
Respiratory alkalosis, Uncompensated
A 54 yr old female, diabetic, hypertensive was sent to the hospital, and her ABG showed the following - ph 7.31, CO2 44mmHg, HCO3- 20 mEq/L/ Which acid base disorder would be likely?
A. Metabolic acidosis, Uncompensated
B. Respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated
C. Respiratory acidosis, Uncompensated
D. Metabolic acidosis, partially compensated
Metabolic acidosis, Uncompensated
- A respiratory alkalosis is a primary acid-base disorder in which arterial?
a. pCO2 falls to a level lower than expected
b. HCO3 is normal
c. HCO3 is low
d. pCO2 falls to a level higher than expected
pCO2 falls to a level lower than expected
- A decrease in plasma bicarbonate can be caused by two mechanisms:
a. A gain of strong acid and loss of base
b. A gain of both base and acid
c. A gain of base and a loss of acid
d. A gain of base and again of ammonia
A gain of strong acid and loss of base
- In hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, you expect the anion gap to be:
a. Normal
b. Low
c. High
d. Initially high
Normal
