LE 8 - NS Finals Compilation Flashcards
76.Which of the following structures provide most of the refractive power of the eye?
A. Lens
B. Cornea
C. Aqueous humor
D. Vitreous Humor
Cornea
77.The structures of the eye through which light passes are collectively known as?
a. Refractive media
b. Transparent media
c. Dioptric media
d. Translucent media
Dioptric media
78.Which of the following structures is responsible for adjusting the optical focus of the eye?
a. Lens
b. Cornea
c. Pupils
d. Iris
a. Lens
79.Which of the following muscles is innervated by cranial nerve IV?
a. inferior oblique
b. superior oblique
c. lateral rectus
c. medial rectus
b. superior oblique
80.Which of the following pertains to the perilymph?
a. located in the scala media
b. closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid
c. contains high K+and low Na+
d. resembles intracellular fluid
b. closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid
81.Which of the following transports requires kinesin?
a. Fast Axonal Transport
b. Slow Axonal Transport
c. Retrograde Axonal Transport
d. Anterograde Axonal Transport
d. Anterograde Axonal Transport
82.Which of the following structures regulate the microenvironment of the CNS?
a. Astrocytes
b. Oligodendrocytes
c. Microglia
d. Ependymal Cells
a. Astrocytes
83.Which of the following pathways is responsible for controlling the functioning of organs, smooth muscle, and glands?
a. Somatic Motor Neuron Pathway
b. Autonomic Motor Pathway
c. Spinocerebellar Pathway
d. Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway
b. Autonomic Motor Pathway
84.Which of the following tracts is involved in the sensation of temperature and pain?
a. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
b. Posterolateral Tract
c. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
d. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
d. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
85.Which of the following tracts is involved in the sensation of crude touch and pressure?
a. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
b. Posterolateral Tract
c. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
d. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
c. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
86.Which of the following prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the ECF of the CNS?
a. Choroid Plexus
b. Blood Brain Barrier
c. Blood Retinal Barrier
d. Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
c. Blood Retinal Barrier
88.Which of the following abilities would be lost if damage to DC-ML pathway is located above the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla?
a. ipsilateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
b. contralateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
c. ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
d. contralateral loss of pain and temperature somatosensory discriminatory abilities
b. contralateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
89.Which of the following pathways is the most important sensory pathway for somatic pain and thermal sensations from the body?
a. Spinothalamic tract
b. Spinoreticular tract
c. Spinomesenphalic tract
d. Corticospinal tract
a. Spinothalamic tract
90.Which of the following pain sensations is a phenomenon that occurs when the brain misidentifies the source of the pain?
a. Neuropathic pain
b. Referred pain
c. Phantom limb pain
d. Radiating pain
b. Referred pain
91.Difficulty piecing together words to produce speech would indicate involvement of which of the following?
A. Right hemisphere
B. Wernicke’s area
C. Broca’s area
D. Cingulate Motor Area
Broca’s area
92.True about development of memories?
A. Memories lasting for days to weeks but then are forgotten result from temporary cortical chemical and/or structural changes,
B. All of the choices are correct
C. Short-term memories last for seconds or minutes unless they are converted into longer-term memories
D. Formation of stable memory tracts result in long term memory.
E. Memory tracts are facilitated pathways for signal transmission important in formation of memories
All of the choices are correct
93.Stimulation of the primary motor cortex results in
A. complex, patterned movements
B. discrete movements of ipsilateral muscles
C. Coordinated contraction of anterior and posterior trunk muscles to maintain posture
D. discrete movements of contralateral muscles
discrete movements of contralateral muscles
94.True statement/s about neurologic structures controlling voluntary movement
A. All of the choices are correct
B. The basal ganglia and thalamus then grant “permission” for the planned movement.
C. A specific motor plan is “selected” from the premotor cortex
D. The thought of performing the movement arises from the motor cortex
The basal ganglia and thalamus then grant “permission” for the planned movement.
95.Spinal cord tracts controlling movement includes
A. Pyramidal tracts
B. Extrapyramidal tracts
C. Both pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
D. None of the choices are correct
Both pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
96.True statement about the direct pathway of the basal ganglia
A. the output is always inhibitory thus resulting in inhibition of the motor thalamus
B. Results in indirect inhibition of basal ganglia output to the motor thalamus
C. Is activated by binding of dopamine to D1 receptors in the striatum
D. allows inhibitory thalamocortical projections to stimulate the motor cortex to promote movement
Is activated by binding of dopamine to D1 receptors in the striatum
97.This pathway results in inhibition of the motor nucleus resulting in inhibition of movement.
A. None of the choices is correct
B. both indirect and direct pathways
C. direct pathway
D. indirect pathway
indirect pathway
- True about the effect of the basal ganglia on the motor nucleus
A. always stimulatory in nature
B. becomes stimulatory when stimulated by the indirect pathway
C. always inhibitory in nature
D. all of the choices are correct
always inhibitory in nature
99.Highly developed area of the cerebellar hemispheres crucial to the planning and timing of sequential motor movements
A. Vestibulocerebellum
B. Archicerebellum
C. Spinocerebellum
D. Pontocerebellum
Pontocerebellum
100.Which of the following, when intact, controls posture, equilibrium, and control of eye movements?
A. Spinocerebellum
B. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Pontocerebellum
D. Vestibulocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
- A 35 year old complains of visual disturbances. The attending physician requested for a cranial MRI and noted a tumor at the area of the left optic tract. Which visual field disturbance is the patient likely experiencing?
A. A right homonymous hemianopsia
B. Left quadrantic hemianopsia
C. Left homonymous hemianopsia
D. Bitemporal hemianopsia
A right homonymous hemianopsia
- A 15 year old female complains of seeing nearby objects as blurry, but can see distant obiects clearly.Which of the following is true of her condition?
A. Near-sightedness
B. Too long eyeball
C. High refractive power of the lens system
D. Corrected with the use ofconcave ens
High refractive power of the lens system
- A 55 year old male is complaining of difficulty focusing on nearby objects.Which of the following statements is true of his condition?
A. It is due to increased elasticity of the lens
B. There is increased ability of the lens to bend light
C. Corrected by bifocal lens
D. Lens becomes thinner
Corrected by bifocal lens
- A 45 y/o female who was involved in a vehicular accident suddenly complains of blindness in the right.Which of the following structures is likely to be transected?
A. Optic chiasm
B. Optic tract
C. Optic nerve
D. Lateral geniculate nucleus
Optic nerve
- A 65 y/o male complains of dizziness and difficulty walking for the past days. On examinations, she has difficulty turning her hands over repeatedly. Where is the lesion most likely located?
A. Motor cortex
B. Medulla
C. Cerebellum
D. Spinal cord
Cerebellum
- A 22 y/0 male had a vehicular accident. On examination, you suspect that the patient has transection of the spinal cord at T4.Which of the following signs would prove your suspicion?
A. Loss of conscious proprioception
B. Loss of voluntary control of movement above the lesion
C. Loss of proprioception on the contralateral side below the lesion
D. Loss of proprioception on the ipsilateral side above the lesion
Loss of proprioception on the contralateral side below the lesion
- A 72 y/o female complains of weakness of the upper and lower extremity. The attending physician is considering a stroke. Where is the lesion most likely to be located?
A. Ipsilateral to affected side below the medulla
B. Ipsilateral to affected side of the medulla
C. Contralateral to affected side above the medulla
D. Contralateral to the affected side of the medulla
Contralateral to affected side above the medulla
- While holding your cellular phone, you receive a message and it starts to vibrate. Which of the following receptors is being triggered?
A. Merkel
B. Ruffini
C. Pacinian
D. Meissner
Pacinian
- You are locating a lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex and note the following findings.Stimulation of the ventral part of S1 caused sensations on the face.Moving up, the patient felt sensations in the hand, head, and leg. Stimulating the dorsal S1, resulted in the patient feeling sensations in the foot. What cortical map tracing did you use to determine the location of the lesion?
A. Dermatome
B. Homunculus
C. Tonotopic map
D. Connectome of the brain
Homunculus
- A 35 y/o woman complains of painful lesion on her chest. You note that the lesions are vesicular and follow a unilateral single dermatomal distribution. Which of the following is the most likely initial impression?
A. Shingles
B. Impetigo
C. Dermatitis
D. Candida
Shingles
- Which of the following abilities would be lost if the DC-ML pathway transected above the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla?
A. Ipsilateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
B. Contralateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
C. Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
D. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
Contralateral loss of fine somatosensory discriminatory abilities
- A 34 y/o female is complaining of pain in the left arm. After evaluation she is diagnosed to have a myocardial infarction. Which of the following would explain the symptom of the patient?
A. Neuropathic pain
B. Referred pain
C. Phantom limb pain
D. Radiating pain
Referred pain
- A 25 ylo male complains of loss of discriminatory abilities in the right upper arm. Which of the following locations do you expect the lesion to be found?
A. Nucleus gracilis
B. Internal arcuate fibers
C. Nucleus cuneatus
D. Medial lemniscus
Nucleus cuneatus
- A 21 y/o female complains of loss of sensation to temperature and touch of the left hand. Which of the following tracts is likely involved in her condition?
A. Lateral corticospinal tract
B. Posterolateral tract
C. Anterior spinothalamic tract
D. Lateral spinothalamic tract
Lateral spinothalamic tract
- A 21 y/o male complains of decreasing sensation to crude touch and pressure. Which of the following tracts is likely to involved?
A. Lateral corticospinal tract
B. Posterolateral tract
C. Anterior spinothalamic tract
D. Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior spinothalamic tract
- A34 y/o woman has lack of coordination and cerebellar ataxia secondary to the medication pheytoin. Which of the cerebellum is responsible for planning and initiation of movement?
A. Vestibulocerebellum
B. Spinocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum (Neocerebellum)
D. Flocculonodular lobe
Cerebrocerebellum (Neocerebellum)
- Which of the ff observations would suggest that an upper motor neuron lesion rather that a lower motor neuron lesion is present?
A. Hyporeflexia
B. Spasticity
C. Profound muscle wasting
D. Profound muscle weakness
Spasticity
- Interaction between these two structures regulate the nervous stimulation related to initiation of movement?
A. Substantia nigra and pre-motor cortex
B. Basal ganglia and thalamus
C. Corpus callosum and primarymotor cortex
D. Cerebellum and cerebrum
Basal ganglia and thalamus
- Dopaminergic activation of the basal ganglia leads to which of the ff responses?
A. Toning down of the motor activity
B. Initiation of movement
C. Coordinated motor activity
D. Inhibition of movement
Coordinated motor activity
- A 63 y/o man presents with muscle rigidity, resting tremor, and difficulty walking, consistent with Parkinson disease. The involved nervous structure resulting in the patient’s difficulty in initiating movement is in the:
A. Thalamus
B. Substantia nigra
C. Pre-motor cortex
D. Cerebral cortex
Substantia nigra
- In mental status examination, a 72 ylo woman is noted to have some difficulty with explicit (declarative memory. This type of memory includes which of the ff?
A. Conscious memory of personal experiences
B. Neural alterations underlying new skills
C. Unconscious memory of food-induced illness
D. Habituation
Conscious memory of personal experiences
- True statement about the output neurons for both pathways in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra
A. Are usually active at low frequency
B. The indirect pathway has
C. Dopamine 1 receptors
D. Excitation is a result of direct inhibition of the thalamus
E. Tonically inhibit target nuclei in the thalamus
Tonically inhibit target nuclei in the thalamus
- A 62 y/o nursing home patient is brought into the emergency department for evaluation of altered mental status. Magnetic resonance imaging indicates degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra. This loss is most likely to do which of the ff?
A. Decrease activity in basal ganglia output nuclei
B. Produce dyskinesias such as chorea
C. Suppress the direct pathway and facilitate the indirect pathway from the striatum to the basal ganglia
D. Suppress activity in the subthalamic nucleus
Decrease activity in basal ganglia output nuclei
- Major functions of cerebellar cortex include which of the ff?
A. Learning and controlling novel movement patterns
B. Generating motor patterns that subserve the scratch reflex
C. Recognizing emotionally potent stimuli
D. Directly exciting alpha motorneurons
Learning and controlling novel movement patterns
- The thought of performing a particular movement arises from which are of the brain?
A. Motor cortex basal ganglia
B. Basal ganglia
C. Thalamus
D. Pre-motor cortex
Pre-motor cortex
87.Which of the following nuclei in the DC-ML pathway receives information from the upper part of the body and arm?
a. Nucleus gracilis
b. Internal Arcuate fibers
c. Nucleus cuneatus
d. Medial Lemniscus
c. Nucleus cuneatus
