Physio Exam 4 Set 2

Question 1

Bronchioles

Answer 1

Lack gas exchange
- Lack cartilage
- small epithelium
- pulmonary blood supply

Question 2

No pulmonary capillaries

Answer 2

no gas exchange

Question 3

Bronchi

Answer 3

Cartilage
- >1 diameter
- pseduostratified columnar
- Bronchial Blood supply
- 150 ml

Question 4

Respiratory Bronchioles

Answer 4

• No cartilage
• <1
• Cuboidal Epithelia
• Pulmonary BSup
• 1500 mL

Question 5

Alveoli

Answer 5

• No cartilage
• <1
• Squamos Epithelia
• Pulmonary BSupp
• 3000 mL

Question 6

Alveolar Cell:
Type 1

Answer 6

• 95% Most numerous
• AIR EXCHANGE

Question 7

Alveolar Cells :
Type 2

Answer 7

-5% Least Numerous
- Little Larger
PRODUCE SURFACTANTS (detergents) - decrease surface tension and easier to inflate

Question 8

Surface Tension and Surfactants

Answer 8

• Small alveoli harder to inflate
• Surfactants make alveoli easier to inflate
• Increased volume, Decreased Surfactant

Question 9

Elastic Recoil

Answer 9

Helps maintain airway deflation during exhalation.
- (Prevents complete deflation (complete Collapse), promoting partial deflation.

Question 10

Emphysema

Answer 10

Disrupted alveolar attachments
(Decreased elastic recoil)

Question 11

COPD

Answer 11

• Disrupted Alveolar attachments (emphysema)
• Mucus Hypersecretion
• Mucosal and peribronchial inflammation and fibrosis

Question 12

Flow

Answer 12

Volume/Time

Question 13

Volume

Answer 13

Flow x Time

Question 14

Pressure

Answer 14

Flow x Resistance

Question 15

Resistance

Answer 15

Change in pressure / flow

Question 16

Compliance

Answer 16

Volume/ Change in pressure

Question 17

Work of breathing

Answer 17

Pressure x Volume

Question 18

Reynolds Number Re
Re>3000

Answer 18

Turbulent airflow

Question 19

Re <2000

Answer 19

Laminar

Question 20

Airway Airflow Resistance

Answer 20

4-8 Majority of resistance

Question 21

During Inhalation

Answer 21

-Diaphragm Contracting
(moving downward and forward)

• External Intercostals

Question 22

During Exhalation

Answer 22

• Diaphragm Rises and relaxes
• Internal Intercostals

Question 23

Base of the lungs

Answer 23

• higher compliance
• More flow
• Lower transmural pressure (absolute value)

Question 24

Airflow
- Increased Resistance

Answer 24

• Obstructive Disease
• Decreased volume

Question 25

Airflow
- Decreased Compliance

Answer 25

• Restrictive Diseases
• Drastic decrease in lung volume

Question 26

Breathing rate or frequency

Answer 26

12-18/min

Question 27

Duty cycle or time per breath

Answer 27

1-2 seconds

Question 28

Breathing volume or Tidal Volume

Answer 28

0.4 - 0.6 L

Question 29

Sympathetic
- increases air flow
-Increases Breathing rate
- Relaxes bronchioles
- Increases Ciliary breathing

Answer 29

Parasympathetic
-Decreases air flow
-Decreases Breathing Rate
-Constricts Bronchioles
- Decreases Ciliary Breathing

Question 30

Acidosis - stimulates Respiration

Answer 30

Alkalosis - Inhibits Respiration

Question 31

Control of Respiration

Answer 31

Central Receptors
Peripheral receptors
CO2 is main stimulus but also O2 and Stretch Receptors
Modulate Baseline output from breathing center

Question 32

Inhalation

Answer 32

Negative Pressure Difference

Question 33

Exhalation

Answer 33

Positive Pressure Difference

Question 34

Main Breathing Muscles

Answer 34

Diaphragm
Intercostal Muscles
Abdominal Muscles