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PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 > physio exam 2 review ppt > Flashcards

physio exam 2 review ppt Flashcards

1
Q

what layer in the motor cortex are the pyramidal cells located

A

5th layer

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2
Q

what layers have the input signals in the motor cortex

A

2-4

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3
Q

what type of neurons are the anterior motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

alpha motor neurons

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4
Q

what are interneurons responsible for

A

most of spinal cord integrative function (capable of spontaneous activity)

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5
Q

where are renshaw cells located

A

anterior horns of spinal cord

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6
Q

where do renshaw cells receive collateral branches from

A

alpha motor neurons

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7
Q

what type of inhibition occurs when renshaw cells transmit inhibitory signals to surrounding motor neurons

A

lateral inhibition. enhances fluidity of limb movement

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8
Q

what type of inhibition occurs when renshaw cells transmit inhibitory signals to the same motor neuron

A

recurrent inhibition

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9
Q

what are muscle spindles innervated by

A

small gamma motor neurons (group 2 afferents)

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10
Q

what type of change do nuclear bags detect

A

rate of change in muscle length (dynamic change)

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11
Q

what type of change do nuclear chain fibers detect

A

static change

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12
Q

what are nuclear bag fibers innervated by

A

1a afferents and dynamic gamma efferents

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13
Q

what are nuclear chain fibers innervated by

A

group 2 afferents and static gamma efferents

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14
Q

describe dynamic stretch reflex

A

signals transmitted from primary nerve endings and elicited by rapid stretch or unstretch (opposes sudden changes in muscle length)

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15
Q

describe static reflex

A

transmitted by both primary and secondary endings and causes degree of muscle contraction to remain relatively constant

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16
Q

what does the muscle spindle over do for its function

A

prevents jerkiness of body movements (damping)

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17
Q

what does muscle stretch do to firing rate of type 1a afferent fibers

A

increases firing rate

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18
Q

describe flexor/withdrawal

A

flexion on ipsilateral side; extension on contralateral side

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19
Q

what motor areas generate a plan for movement

A

premotor and supplementary motor cortices

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20
Q

what creates the “motor image” of the total muscle movement that is to be performed

A

anterior part of premotor cortex

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21
Q

what part of the cortex programs complex motor sequences and is responsible for mental rehearsal for a movement

A

supplementary motor cortex

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22
Q

describe the signal from the posterior motor cortex

A

to primary motor cortex, the basal nuclei and thalamus, then back to primary motor cortex

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23
Q

define pyramidal system

A

tracks that pass through medullary pyramids

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24
Q

where do upper motor neurons originate for the pyramidal system

A

motor cortices

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25
Q

describe the medial activation system of the pyramidal system

A

innervate postural and girdle muscles

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26
Q

describe the lateral activation system of the pyramidal system

A

associated with distally located muscles used for fine movements

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27
Q

describe the nonspecific activating system of the pyramidal system

A

facilitate local reflex arcs

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28
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate

A

red nucleus

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29
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract decussate

A

midbrain

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30
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract descend

A

lateral funiculus

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31
Q

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract

A

closed related to cerebellar function

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32
Q

what occurs if there are lesions in the rubrospinal tract

A

impairment of distal arm and hand movement. intention tremors

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33
Q

where does the vestibulospinal tract descend

A

anterior funiculus

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34
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract synapse with

A

LMNs to extensor muscles

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35
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract primarily involved in

A

maintenance of upright posture

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36
Q

where does the reticulospinal tract descend

A

anterior portion of lateral funiculus

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37
Q

what is the reticulospinal tract thought to do

A

mediate larger movements of trunk and limbs that do not require balance or fine movements of upper limbs

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38
Q

describe the utricle

A

located in horizontal position and plays role in determining orientation of head when head is upright

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39
Q

describe the saccule

A

located in a vertical plane and signals head orientation when a person is lying down

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40
Q

what occurs when the stereo cilia of the macula bend toward the kinocilium

A

depolarization and excitation

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41
Q

what occurs when the sterocilia of the macula bend away from the kinocicium

A

hyper polarization and closure of channels

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42
Q

what divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

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43
Q

what is the oldest lobe of the cerebellum

A

flocculonodular

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44
Q

what is the role of the vermis (besides dividing hemispheres)

A

location for control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders and hips

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45
Q

what is the role of the intermediate zone of the cerebellum

A

concerned with controlling muscle contractions in the distal portions of the upper and lower limbs, especially hands, feet, fingers and toes

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46
Q

what is the role of the lateral zone of the cerebellum

A

associated with cerebral cortex with planning of sequential motor movements

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47
Q

what are the transversely arranged narrow gyri located in the cortex of the cerebellum

A

folia

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48
Q

what type of ataxia occurs when lesions to dentate, emboli form and globose nuclei

A

extremity ataxia

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49
Q

where do the dentate nuclei, emboli form nuclei and globose nuclei project to

A

red nucleus

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50
Q

what are the dentate nuclei, emboli form nuclei and globose nuclei related to

A

limb musculature and fine manipulative movement

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51
Q

what type of ataxia occurs when there are lesions to the fastigial nuclei

A

trunk ataxia

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52
Q

where do the fibers of the fastigial nuclei project

A

reticular formation and vestibular nuclei

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53
Q

what are fastigial nuclei related to

A

postural activity and limb movements via reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

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54
Q

what are the only excitatory cells in the cerebellar cortex

A

granular cells

55
Q

where do the golgi cells, basket cells, and stellate cells project

A

golgi to granular cell bodies, basket to purkinje axon hillock and stellate to purkinje dendrites

56
Q

what is the only output cell for the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cell

57
Q

where do climbing fibers originate

A

medullary olives

58
Q

what do climbing fibers play a role in

A

motor learning

59
Q

where do mossy fibers originate

A

multiple centers in the brainstem and spinal cord

60
Q

what do climbing fibers synapse with

A

purkinje cells

61
Q

where do mossy fibers synapse

A

on granule cells in glomeruli

62
Q

what type of spikes to climbing fibers have

A

complex

63
Q

what type of spikes do mossy fibers have

A

simple

64
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that purkinje cell axons use

A

GABA

65
Q

what do purkinje cell axons modulate

A

output of cerebellum and provides synergy

66
Q

what does the vestibulocerebellum consist of

A

flocculonodular lobes and vermis

67
Q

what occurs if there is a loss of flocculonodular lobes

A

extreme disturbance of equilibrium and postural movements

68
Q

what disorder occurs when movements overshoot their mark continuously

A

dysmetria

69
Q

what disorder is described as the inability to perform rapid alternative movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

70
Q

what disorder is failure of progression in talking

A

dysarthria

71
Q

what disorder is described as tremors of the eyeball

A

cerebellar nystagmus

72
Q

what is the prince role of basal nuclei

A

work with corticospinal system to modulate thalamic output to the motor cortex to plan and execute smooth muscle movements

73
Q

what is the putamen circuit used for

A

subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement

74
Q

what is the caudate circuit used for

A

cognitive planning of sequential and parallel motor patterns

75
Q

what neurons are destroyed in huntington’s disease

A

GABA

76
Q

what neurotransmitter is used to go from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen

A

dopamine

77
Q

what neuron transmitter is used to go from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globes pallidus and substantial nigra

A

GABA

78
Q

what neurotransmitter is used to go from the cortex to the caudate nucleus and putamen

A

acetylcholine

79
Q

what happens to motor activity in huntington’s disease

A

it increases because the indirect pathway no longer has inhibitory influence on direct pathway

80
Q

what are stimulating factors for sweating

A

stimulation of anterior hypothalamus-pre-optic area, cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers and circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine

81
Q

what are the principle areas of the brain that affect body temperature

A

anterior hypothalamic/pre-optic area and pre-optic area

82
Q

what happens immediately after heating the anterior hypothalamic/pre-optic area

A

dilation of skin blood vessels over the entire body, profuse sweating over the entire body and inhibition of excess heat production

83
Q

what are some causative factors for fevers

A

brain abnormalities, surgery in region of hypothalamus, prostaglandins and liposaccharide toxins

84
Q

how does aspirin decrease the set point temperature

A

inhibiting cyclooxygenase which results in decrease production of prostaglandins

85
Q

where do slow waves originate

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

86
Q

what do slow waves excite

A

the appearance of intermittent spike potentials

87
Q

when do spike potentials occur automatically

A

when resting membrane potential of GI smooth muscle becomes more positive than -40mv

88
Q

what inhibits the secretion of gastrin

A

acid from stomach and somatostatin

89
Q

what stimulates gastrin secretion

A

small peptides and aa in stomach lumen, dissension of stomach, vagal stimulation

90
Q

where is gastrin secreted

A

G cells of antrum, duodenum and jejunum

91
Q

what pathology is association with issues with gastrin

A

Zollinger-ellison syndrome

92
Q

what stimulates CCK secretion

A

small peptides and aa, fatty acids and monoglycerides

93
Q

what is the site of secretion for CCK

A

I cells of duodenum, jejunum and ileum

94
Q

what stimulates the secretion of secretin

A

acid and fat in lumen of duodenum

95
Q

what is the site of secretion for secretin

A

S cells of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

96
Q

what stimulates bicarbonate secretion

A

secretin

97
Q

what is the only hormone released in release to protein, fat and carb

A

GIP

98
Q

what is the site of secretion for K cells

A

duodenum and jejunum

99
Q

what does GIP stimulate

A

insulin release

100
Q

what is the major hormonal control feed back of the duodenum

A

CCK

101
Q

composition fo saliva

A

high potassium ion and bicarbonate concentrations

102
Q

when are potassium levels in saliva low

A

when it has the highest flow rate

103
Q

where does the first stage of salivary secretion occur

A

acini

104
Q

what does the first stage of salivary secretion contain

A

ptyalin (alpha-amylase)

105
Q

where does the second stage of salivary secretion occur

A

salivary ducts

106
Q

what is the secretion product of gastric secretions of parietal cells

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

107
Q

what does the CN X innervate in the direct pathway of gastric secretions

A

parietal cells

108
Q

what receptor does the direct pathway for gastric secretions use

A

Ach and muscarinic receptor

109
Q

what does CN X innervate in the indirect gastric secretions

A

G cells

110
Q

what is the neurotransmitter of the indirect pathway for gastric secretion

A

GRP

111
Q

what is the second messenger on parietal cell for gastrin stimulation

A

IP3/ Ca++

112
Q

what is the second messenger for histamine stimulation

A

cAMP

113
Q

what does somatostatin inhibit

A

gastric H2 secretions

114
Q

what is the indirect way that somatostatic inhibits gastric H2 secretions

A

inhibits release of histamine and gastrin

115
Q

what does somatostatin bind to in the direct pathway for inhibition of gastric H2 secretions

A

binds to receptors on parietal cell that are coupled to adenyl cyclase via a Gi protein

116
Q

what is the digestive enzyme for carbs

A

pancreatic amylase

117
Q

what is the digest enzymes for fats

A

pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, phospholipase

118
Q

how does acetylcholien stimulate enzyme secretion

A

by acinar cells and potentates effect of secretin

119
Q

what is the second messenger for cholecystokinin

A

IP3 and increased intracellular Ca++

120
Q

what is the second messenger for secretin

A

cAMP

121
Q

how is fructose absorbed in the small intestine

A

facilitated diffusion

122
Q

where can phosphorylation of glucose be reversed

A

liver, renal and intestinal cells

123
Q

what are the end products of the Krebs cycle

A

16 hydrogens, 2 TP, 4 CO2

124
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

mitochondrial cristae

125
Q

what is special about cytochrome A3

A

it can give up 2 electrons to oxygen and is located on inner membrane

126
Q

what is the maximum efficiency for calories/mole glucose

A

66 percent

127
Q

what is the pentose phosphate pathway mostly used for

A

synthesis of fats and other substances

128
Q

how are chylomicrons transported to the venous system

A

via thoracic duct

129
Q

what tissues removes chylomicrons

A

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and heart

130
Q

what lipoprotein (s) is synthesized in intestinal cells

A

chylomicrons

131
Q

describe the concentrations for VLDLs

A

high concentrations of triglycerides and moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids

132
Q

describe the concentrations for LDLs

A

high concentrations of cholesterol and moderate concentration of phospholipids

133
Q

describe the concentrations for HDLs

A

high concentrations of proteins and low concentration of cholesterol and fatty acids

134
Q

what are the basic causes of atherosclerosis

A

increased LDLs and familial hypocholesterolemia (defective LDL receptors)

PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 (20 decks)

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