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PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 > Lecture 2-CNS organization > Flashcards

Lecture 2-CNS organization Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS include

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the main roles of the brain (CNS)

A

sorts through and properly routes incoming sensory info
initiates, controls, and coordinates most muscular activity except simple reflexes
site of origin of 12 cranial nerve pairs (3,7,9,10)

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3
Q

what are the general functional categories of the brain

A

sensory
motor
cognitive

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4
Q

what are the roles of the spinal cord in the CNS

A

first CNS structure encountered by most incoming sensory info except sensory fibers in cranial nerves
last relay station for most motor info except ANS motor fibers
site of coordination of most reflex arcs

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5
Q

what is the PNS made up of

A

transmission pathways carrying info between the CNS and external/internal environments

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6
Q

what does the PNS include

A 
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
sensory receptors in the skin and wall of the gut as well as in tendons and skeletal muscles
motor end plates between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers
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7
Q

what does the ANS innervate

A

smooth muscle and glands (viscera)

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8
Q

what is another name for the sympathetic branch of the ANS

A

thoracolumbar

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9
Q

what is another name for the parasympathetic system of the ANS

A

craniosacral

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10
Q

define nucleus

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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11
Q

define ganglion

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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12
Q

define nerve

A

bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS

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13
Q

define tract

A

bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS

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14
Q

define commissure

A

tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other

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15
Q

what is the difference between dendrites and axon

A

dendrites are the receptive unit and axon is the conductive unit

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16
Q

define cell body

A

part of a neuron that encloses the nucleus and other organelles necessary to maintain and repair the neuron

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17
Q

define dendrites

A

branches off the cell body that carry info to the cell body

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18
Q

what are characteristics of dendrites

A

usually several to many dendrites per neuron
relatively short, especially compared to the axon
often branched
have receptors for neurotransmitters
conduct local potentials

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19
Q

define axon

A

part of the neuron that carries info to another neuron or muscle cell

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20
Q

what are characteristics of axons

A 
usually relatively long
single (one per neuron)
conducts AP (nerve impulse)
release neurotransmitter
axon ends in short branches (telodendria)
may have collateral branches
cell membrane (axolemma)
cytoplasm (axoplasm)
covered by a neurolemma
contains mitochondria, neurofilaments, and neurotubules
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21
Q

define telodendria

A

short branched processes that axons end in

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22
Q

what are the endings that telodendria give off

A

terminal bouton

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23
Q

what are the synaptic vesicles that are contained by terminal boutons filled with?

A

neurotransmitters

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24
Q

what is the only part of a neuron that is ever myelinated

A

axon

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25
Q

what are the 2 major branches of rami

A

ventral and dorsal

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26
Q

what do white rams communicants carry

A

myelinated preganglionic fibers

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27
Q

what do gray rams communicants carry

A

unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve

28
Q

what are paravertebral ganglia the site of

A

site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves
site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated sympathetic neurons

29
Q

define splanchnic nerve

A

nerve supplying viscera

30
Q

where are pre vertebral ganglion typically found

A

anterior to abdominal aorta

31
Q

what are pre vertebral ganglion the site of

A

site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated neurons

32
Q

define reflex arc

A

pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS. consists minimally of a sensory pathway and a motor pathway

33
Q

what do somatic afferent pathways carry

A

sensation from non-visceral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscle

34
Q

what do visceral (splanchnic) afferent pathways carry

A

sensations from viscera

35
Q

what do somatic efferent pathways carry

A

motor signals to skeletal muscles

36
Q

what do visceral (splanchnic) motor pathways carry

A

motor signals to smooth or cardiac muscles

37
Q

what are the components of a synapse

A

presynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane

38
Q

what are presynaptic membranes of a synapse associated with

A

synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

39
Q

what are postsynaptic membranes of a synapse associated with

A

receptors for neurotransmitters

40
Q

define monosynaptic pathways

A

pathways consisting only of afferent neurons and efferent neurons. each pathway has a single synapse

41
Q

define polysynaptic pathways

A

pathways that include interneurons as well as afferent and efferent neurons. each pathway has multiple synapses

42
Q

what are the components of the somatosensory axis

A 
peripheral receptors
afferent neurons
spinal cord or brainstem
reticular substance (medulla, pons, mesencephalon)
cerebellum
thalamus
somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex
43
Q

where do primary afferent neurons synapse

A

synapse in the posterior horns of spinal cord or sensory nuclei in the brain

44
Q

where do secondary afferent neurons synapse

A

synapse in the thalamus

45
Q

where do tertiary afferent neurons synapse

A

synapse in the somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

46
Q

what does the skeletal motor nerve axis include

A

motor cortex of cerebrum
efferent pathways made up of upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the anterior horns of the spinal cord & alpha motor neurons (lower motor neurons) extending to the skeletal muscles
effectors (skeletal msucles)

47
Q

what are the processing areas of the skeletal motor nerve axis

A

basal nuclei (ganglia) in the telencephalon (putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei)
thalamus in the diencephalon
spinal cord reflexes

48
Q

what is acetylcholine secreted by

A

pyramidal cells
some neurons in the basal nuclei
alpha motor neurons
preganglionic neurons of ANS
postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system
some postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system

49
Q

what is norepinephrine secreted by

A

many neurons located in the brain stem and hypothalamus
some neurons located in the pons
most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system

50
Q

what is dopamine secreted by

A

most neurons originating in the substantial nigra

51
Q

what is glycine secreted by

A

synapses in the spinal cord

52
Q

what is GABA secreted by

A

many areas in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

53
Q

what is glutamate secreted by

A

many sensory pathways entering the CNS

many areas of cerebral cortex

54
Q

define electrotonic conduction

A

direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids without generating an action potential

55
Q

what dendritical characteristics result in electronic conduction

A

few voltage-gated sodium channels in dendritic membranes

thresholds too high for action potentials to occur

56
Q

what does the firing rate depend on

A

the normal excitatory rate and on the changes in the excitatory rate due to superimposition of additional excitatory or inhibitory signals

57
Q

define synaptic delay

A

the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

58
Q

what does synaptic delay depend on

A

time it takes to release the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
time it takes for the neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft
how the neurotransmitter acts on the postsynaptic membrane
the time it takes for the receptor to increase membrane permeability
time it takes for the inward diffusion of sodium ions

59
Q

what are the 2 sources of blood supply to the brain

A

vertebral arteries and internal carotids

60
Q

what do basillar arteries give off

A

cerebellar arteries and then divide into 2 posterior cerebral arteries

61
Q

define internal carotids

A

terminal branches of the common carotids

62
Q

how do internal carotids enter the cranial cavity

A

through carotid canal in temporal bone

63
Q

where do the vertebral arteries unite

A

caudal border of pons to form basilar arteries

64
Q

what are the components of the circle of willis

A 
posterior cerebral arteries
posterior communicating arteries
internal carotids
anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery (unpaired)
65
Q

what do the posterior communicating arteries connect

A

connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotids

PHYSIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 (20 decks)

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