lecture 19-physiology of liver and pancreas

Question 1

what are sinusoids lined with

Answer 1

endothelial and kupffer cells

Question 2

where is the space of disse found

Answer 2

between endothelial cells and hepatocytes

Question 3

describe the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver

Answer 3

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

Question 4

what is the portal pressure into the liver

Answer 4

9 mm Hg

Question 5

what is the pressure from the liver to the vena cava

Answer 5

0 mm Hg

Question 6

what is the effect of cirrhosis on blood flow

Answer 6

increases blood resistance to blood flow

Question 7

what are hepatic sinusoids highly permeable to

Answer 7

proteins

Question 8

what is the protein concentration of the efferent lymph

Answer 8

6 g/dl

Question 9

define ascites

Answer 9

large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 10

what vitamins can the liver store

Answer 10

A, D and B12

Question 11

what coagulation factors can the liver form

Answer 11

fibrinogen, prothrombin, accelerator globulin, factors VII, IX, X

Question 12

what are phase 1 reactions in the liver catalyzed by

Answer 12

P-450 enzymes

Question 13

what are phase 2 reactions in the liver doing

Answer 13

conjugating products from phase 1 reactions

Question 14

what produces and secretes hepatic bile

Answer 14

liver

Question 15

what acids are bile acids

Answer 15

cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids (synthesized by hepatocytes) and deoxycholic and lithocholic acid (converted by bacteria)

Question 16

what is the major pigment in the bile

Answer 16

bilirubin

Question 17

what is free bilirubin attached to when it is transported in the blood stream

Answer 17

plasma albumin

Question 18

what are the possibly fates for conjugated bilirubin

Answer 18

secreted (active transport) into the intestine or excreted into urine

Question 19

what are the common causes of jaundice

Answer 19

increased hemolysis, obstruction of bile ducts or damage to liver

Question 20

what do alpha cells secrete

Answer 20

glucagon

Question 21

what do beta cells secrete

Answer 21

insulin and amylin

Question 22

what do delta cells secrete

Answer 22

somatostatin

Question 23

what happens to unbound insulin

Answer 23

it is destroyed by the liver

Question 24

describe the insulin receptor subunits

Answer 24

2 alpha (extracellular) and 2 beta (transmembrane) subunits

Question 25

what autophosphorylates the beta subunits of the insulin receptor

Answer 25

tyrosine kinase

Question 26

what does insulin inactivate in the liver

Answer 26

phosphorylase

Question 27

what process does insulin inhibit

Answer 27

gluconeogenesis

Question 28

what does beta oxidation result in

Answer 28

excess of acetyl-CoA

Question 29

what do acetoacetic acids cause

Answer 29

acidosis

Question 30

what are the major effects of glucagon

Answer 30

break down of liver glycogen and increased gluconeogenesis

Question 31

what is the major factor that regulates glucagon secretion

Answer 31

blood glucose concentration

Question 32

what does somatostatin inhibit

Answer 32

insulin, glucagon, and gastrin

Question 33

what is type 1 diabetes due to

Answer 33

lack of insulin secretion

Question 34

what occurs when there is injury to beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 34

viral infections and autoimmune disorders

Question 35

what is type 2 diabetes due to

Answer 35

insulin resistance

Question 36

what is the major factor for type 2 diabetes

Answer 36

obesity

Question 37

what is type 2 diabetes preceded by

Answer 37

metabolic syndrome

Question 38

what are characteristics of metabolic syndrome

Answer 38

obesity, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia, increased lipid triglycerides, decreased HDL levels, and hypertension