lecture 21 and 22- thyroid and adrenal hormones

Question 1

what is the chloride-iodide counter-transporter that allows iodide to be transported across apical membrane of cell into follicle

Answer 1

pendrin

Question 2

what creates thyroxine

Answer 2

DIT + DIT

Question 3

what creates triiodothyronine

Answer 3

DIT + MIT

Question 4

what catalyzes the organification of iodine

Answer 4

peroxidase

Question 5

is T3 or T4 more active

Answer 5

T3

Question 6

what is the most released thyroid hormone

Answer 6

thyroxine

Question 7

what do most thyroid hormones entering blood bind to

Answer 7

plasma proteins synthesized in liver

Question 8

where does TSH come from

Answer 8

anterior pituitary

Question 9

where does TRH come from

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

how does TSH act on follicular cells

Answer 10

via adenylate cyclase-cAMP mechanism

Question 11

what are the causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 11

graves disease and adenoma

Question 12

what is the treatment for hyperthyroidism

Answer 12

surgical removal of most of thyroid gland or treatment with radioactive iodine

Question 13

what are the causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 13

hashimoto disease, endemic goiter, cretinism

Question 14

what causes cretinism

Answer 14

extreme early hypothyroidism

Question 15

what are symptoms of hypothyroidism (besides the opposite of hyper)

Answer 15

myxedema and atherosclerosis

Question 16

what do thiocyanate ions do

Answer 16

inhibit iodine uptake

Question 17

what does propylthiouracil do

Answer 17

inhibits peroxidase

Question 18

what do iodides do

Answer 18

decrease thyroid activity when present in very high concentrations

Question 19

what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 19

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 20

what is the medulla of the adrenal gland functional related to

Answer 20

sympathetic nervous system (backup for it)

Question 21

what does the cortex secrete

Answer 21

corticosteroids

Question 22

what increases the number of LDL receptors

Answer 22

ACTH

Question 23

where is cholesterol converted to pregnenolone

Answer 23

in mitochondria

Question 24

what is the enzyme needed for conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

Answer 24

cholesterol desmolase

Question 25

what factors increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

Answer 25

ACTH and angiotensin II

Question 26

what is the half life for aldosterone

Answer 26

20 minutes

Question 27

what do principal cells do

Answer 27

increase sodium reabsorption and potassium by kidney tubules (with help of aldosterone)

Question 28

how does hyperkalemia affect aldosterone secretion

Answer 28

it increases it

Question 29

what do intercalated cells do

Answer 29

increase hydrogen secretion by kidneys

Question 30

what part of the adrenal gland secretes mineralocorticoids

Answer 30

zona glomerulosa

Question 31

what is the major glucocorticoid

Answer 31

cortisol

Question 32

what is the secretion of cortisol controlled by

Answer 32

ACTH

Question 33

what is the second messenger for CRH and ACTH

Answer 33

cAMP

Question 34

what part of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol

Answer 34

zona fasciculata

Question 35

what part of the adrenal gland secretes androgenic hormones

Answer 35

zona reticularis

Question 36

how does increased potassium effect aldosterone secretion

Answer 36

it greatly increases it

Question 37

how does increased angiotensin II effect aldosterone secretion

Answer 37

greatly increases it

Question 38

what maintains vascular response to catecholamines

Answer 38

glucocorticoids

Question 39

what resists/controls inflammation

Answer 39

glucocorticoids

Question 40

what is the primary cause of addisons disease

Answer 40

injury to adrenal cortex

Question 41

what is secondary cause of addison’s disease

Answer 41

impaired function of pituitary gland

Question 42

what are disturbances associated with addison’s disease

Answer 42

due to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency, melanin pigmentation