lect 18- energy balance and metabolism Flashcards
ATP is generated by the combustion of _____
carbs, fatty acids and proteins
what is phosphocreatine’s relationship with ATP
can transfer energy interchangeably with ATP
define essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized in the body or are not synthesized easily or in quantities
define non-essential amino acid formation
depends on alpha-keto acid precursors
________ is among the most important intracellular processes that require energy
formation of peptide linkages
how many phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage
4 high energy phosphate bonds
what is the first step in degraded excess amino acids in the body
deamination
what is one of the end products of deamination
ammonia
what forms urea in the liver
2 molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide
what can enter the citric acid cycle form the ornithine (urea) cycle
fumarate
what does the overall chemical reaction rate depend on
concentration of enzyme and substrate
what does reaction rate depend on if substrate concentration is high
almost entirely by concentration of enzyme
what is an example of a time when substrate concentration is high
diabetes mellitus and glucose
what does the reaction rate depend on when enzyme concentration is high
directly proportional to concentration of substrate and enzyme
T/F: most chemical reactions in body occur in series?
TRUE
what is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body
ADP
what is the energy equivalent of oxygen
4.825
what does thyroxin do to chemical reactions and metabolic rate
increases rate of chemical reactions in cells and increases metabolic rate
what is testosterone increased mainly related to
anabolic effect of increase in skeletal muscle mass
what does malnutrition result in
reduced food substances in cells, marked reduction of metabolic rate
what is much of decline of BMR with increasing age related to
loss of muscle mass and replacement with adipose tissue with a lower rate of metabolism
