lect 18- energy balance and metabolism

Question 1

ATP is generated by the combustion of _____

Answer 1

carbs, fatty acids and proteins

Question 2

what is phosphocreatine’s relationship with ATP

Answer 2

can transfer energy interchangeably with ATP

Question 3

define essential amino acids

Answer 3

cannot be synthesized in the body or are not synthesized easily or in quantities

Question 4

define non-essential amino acid formation

Answer 4

depends on alpha-keto acid precursors

Question 5

________ is among the most important intracellular processes that require energy

Answer 5

formation of peptide linkages

Question 6

how many phosphate bonds are needed to form one peptide linkage

Answer 6

4 high energy phosphate bonds

Question 7

what is the first step in degraded excess amino acids in the body

Answer 7

deamination

Question 8

what is one of the end products of deamination

Answer 8

ammonia

Question 9

what forms urea in the liver

Answer 9

2 molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide

Question 10

what can enter the citric acid cycle form the ornithine (urea) cycle

Answer 10

fumarate

Question 11

what does the overall chemical reaction rate depend on

Answer 11

concentration of enzyme and substrate

Question 12

what does reaction rate depend on if substrate concentration is high

Answer 12

almost entirely by concentration of enzyme

Question 13

what is an example of a time when substrate concentration is high

Answer 13

diabetes mellitus and glucose

Question 14

what does the reaction rate depend on when enzyme concentration is high

Answer 14

directly proportional to concentration of substrate and enzyme

Question 15

T/F: most chemical reactions in body occur in series?

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

what is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body

Answer 16

ADP

Question 17

what is the energy equivalent of oxygen

Answer 17

4.825

Question 18

what does thyroxin do to chemical reactions and metabolic rate

Answer 18

increases rate of chemical reactions in cells and increases metabolic rate

Question 19

what is testosterone increased mainly related to

Answer 19

anabolic effect of increase in skeletal muscle mass

Question 20

what does malnutrition result in

Answer 20

reduced food substances in cells, marked reduction of metabolic rate

Question 21

what is much of decline of BMR with increasing age related to

Answer 21

loss of muscle mass and replacement with adipose tissue with a lower rate of metabolism